Map. There were no other major North American ISOs I could cover, so there are large coverage gaps. MISO LMP: $15.80. This interactive mapping feature allows users to view heat maps for a single time period down to the hourly level, or to visualize LMP changes over time. 4/30/2023 12:55 AM. We must also receive anAttachment B - Change of Information Documentin accordance with the Network and Commercial Model deadlines. IMO it might actually be easier at this point to just make a FOIA request for the data the EIA uses (since it doesn't seem to be available on their site). As market participants, companies are legal entities certified by MISO to submit bids to purchase energy, submit offers to supply or reserve energy, hold financial transmission [or auction revenue] rights and other market-related activities. d%:%-d7y ;PYglm &Hmmd@E]5`DsY`38BOs(nBFd[#-cJ?]4&XOQ"0o[yk!RZ%F] l{Wfa U3%=%o5 eXok ]5v endobj MISO will provide the details of each LRZ no later than September 1st of the year prior to a Planning Year. +f,_= This voluntary annual capacity auction provides a way for Market Participants to meetresource adequacy requirements. 4,946 / 3,419 MW. Transmission rates are effective as of the date of their posting and will not reflect any retroactive adjustments due to FERC Orders or any other reasons. Last Modified: March 8, 2018. You must complete the online sections and submit legal documents based on your intended market activities. SUFG has been retained by the Midcontinent Independent System Operator, Inc. (MISO) to perform a series of annual long-term load forecasts. Real-time Operating Grid - Energy Information Administration Download, obtain all signatures and submit your legal documents by creating a case in MISOs Help Center. The entire process is explained in much greater detail, byreviewing BPM 030 Pseudo Ties. However, you will incur costs when registering with OATI webRegistry, obtaining digital certificates and posting collateral for credit approval. It is popular with all kinds of visitors, from mountaineers and winter sports enthusiasts, to gastronomes, wine buffs, and those looking for a city break. endobj I am out of ideas for resolving the inaccuracy problems so I'm not planning on spending much more time on that in the immediate future - what files I uploaded as the best we've got unless someone's been hiding a bunch of really high quality shapefiles somewhere hidden from Google. Development is currently underway. These assessments evaluate projected near-term available capacityunder probable and extreme peak load forecasts and historical generator outage conditionsfor each season. Something like this can be done I think (https://medium.com/@mbostock/command-line-cartography-part-1-897aa8f8ca2c). Have a question about this project? Production release and implementation will coincide with the 2023-2024 Plan Year cycle to begin in September 2022. MISO Local Resource Zones (figure courtesy MISO). - ResearchGate { X4f!Sy"-#N(L(RCTFu");,NtX3;! I didn't see them in the above thread) geo data for the US. Copyright 2010-2023 Midcontinent Independent System Operator, Inc. All rights reserved. <> PJM - Interregional Data Map Details Basemap. The MISO-wide Schedule 26 rate remained the same. PJM (DEOK): $25.46 . University | An equal access/equal Take a guided tour of Energy Acuitys Product Suite and see how our intelligence can power your companys growth! You may reapply to become a Market Participant no earlier than one month after the effective date of termination, and only provided you are not in default of any obligation incurred under the tariff. GIS is a tool that allows us to visualize data in a way that can reveal relationships, patterns and trends in an easy-to-view format, in addition to being a general mapping tool for visualizing the transmission grid as it exists within the SPP footprint. This limit 12 is a constant derived from a targeted frequency bound (separately calculated for each Interconnection) that is reviewed and set as necessary by the NERC Operating Committee." U.S. GIS is extremely complicated and not entirely intended or able to address this use case very effectively. U.S. Energy Information Administration 1000 Independence Ave., SW Washington, DC 20585. For North America, a different approach will need to be taken than was taken for the EU. The Actual Load updates every 5 minutes and represents the load served in the MISO market. 1. Short, timely articles with graphics on energy, facts, issues, and trends. Try Our Interactive Time Zone Map. The CAISO shapefile (separate zipfile) uses EPSG 3310. A Load Zone is a collection of elemental pricing nodes (which will correspond to the CPNodes which represent Load Zones), and, are considered assets and must be assigned to an Asset Owner. endobj <> Some of them are quite nifty, and it's the first time some of that data has been officially released in shapefile format, but there's nothing new in there that is of actual value to us for this particular project. 1-800-282-4245, 1623 Blake St, Suite 350 I think we still need the overlapping geojsons for latitude and longitude queries, and bounding boxes. On November 21, 2019 FERC issued Opinion 569 (ROE Docket EL14-12) which lowers the base ROE from 10.32% to 9.88%, and requires refunds for 2 periods: #1) 11/12/13 - 02/11/2015 & #2) 09/28/16 11/21/19. I'll try to look at pyiso at some point to see if adding AESO/IESO handlers is actually realistic, I believe it is, but I have not tested anything yet. PJM Real-Time Load: 80,496 MW PJM (MISO): $20.80 . Complaints | Maintained by the Office of the Executive Vice President for Research and Partnerships. MISO will provide the details of each LRZ no later than September 1st of the year prior to a Planning Year. Here's what it currently looks like zoomed out: Should I even bother continuing to clean this up and finish it or is the misalignment too bad to use? LMP Price and Node Mapping MISO Market Portal to access Module E Capacity Tracking (MECT) and MISO PowerGADS, NERC Generating Availability Data System (GADS) webpage, How to Access Customer Connectivity Environment (CCE). RT Load 54,520. I wonder if we could just pull the data from the EIA API and use their borders? I started working on this at https://github.com/corradio/electricitymap/tree/data/us. Are either of these good enough for visualization purposes? Denver, CO 80202. [?s&a-SwM5Y$ 6]1l=fF:jiTR!{K:Uie(EW`/A?j6=)w@-f-OZ2|a|'7u f'5y*9:)x/7{ T#S_p~FC:\#j 5s5g7]Ds9rPY,1B0K.pmndk6~aN If vector inaccuracy is obscured to a significant enough degree (depends on zoom level), this vector data is quite definitely an acceptable approximation of a number of the most major US/CA ISO/RTO boundaries that can be used for a US/CA version of electricitymap. NVEnergy appears to be generalizable to the whole state of Nevada, so I could likely just manually trace the outline of that state and call it a day - in fact that is my current plan next to fixing ERCOT. @alixunderplatz I had a look at some of the other shapefiles but they didn't seem to represent the data parsers are currently getting very well. (0 ratings, 0 comments, 3,554 views) All Rights Reserved. I have no clue how you'd handle between-ISO/RTO transmission, but I've got inter-border transmission marked and will include that shapefile when I'm finished, so there's something at least. Load of New TO $ 2,000,000 $ 2,080,000 Total $ 100,000,000 $ 104,000,000 Total Costs Load of Existing TO - Sch. When the September peaks overlap with high seasonal planned outages, loss of load occurs. Please attach the below documents to the submitted MCR within the MISO Model Manager (MMM). Auction cycle will move from annual to seasonal auction (clearing all four seasons still once yearly). You are receiving this because you authored the thread. So far I have had little success with modifying these settings (which I have tried pretty extensively). 6 0 obj The text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered: Is this something that someone new to the project could help with? <> Includes hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal, biomass and ethanol. Current list of existing MISO Market Participants, Application Information Spreadsheet(xls), ARC EDR Physical Location Worksheet (for ARCs only), Section_XX: Certificate Confirming Fulfillment of Requirements for Applicants Seeking to Participate as Aggregator of Retail Customers (for ARCs only), Attachment NN - Blackstart Service Agreement (pdf), Blackstart Service Certification Form(pdf), BPM 010 - Network and Commercial Models, Attachment E, Section XI: Generation Resource Certificate, Section XIV: Scheduling Agent and/or MDMA Certificate, Section XII: Load Serving Entity or Load Relationship Certificate, Section XIX: Certification of Relationships for DRR's, Sections XIV: Scheduling Agent and/or MDMA Certificate, Section XXII: Certificate of Relationship between Applicant and Owners of Stored Energy Type II Resource(s), Attachment B - Change of Information Document. About EA It is very appreciated. Time Zone Tools. Schedule 26 zonal rates have minorchanges to them since this was a zonal re-allocation. These forecasts will project MISO regional energy and peak demand for the ten MISO local resource zones (LRZs) and for the overall MISO system. MISO is projected to have 0.8 GW of firm capacity in excess of the 2021 regional Planning Reserve Margin (PRM), based on responses from over 94% of MISO load and other non-LSE market participants. MEC: 229 mi. Water & Gas SER Type II is capable of supplying Energy, Capacity, Spinning Reserve, Supplemental Reserve, Regulating Reserve, Up Ramp Capability, and/or Down Ramp Capability, through the storage and discharge of electrical Energy. Exportable spreadsheet of our 7-year forward pricing model for future LMP forecasting and planning. @systemcatch Very nice! %PDF-1.5 <> I am interested in getting the USA on the map. There is no application fee to become a market participant. "Each Balancing Authority in an Interconnection is connected via high voltage transmission lines (called tie-lines) to neighboring Balancing Authorities. " for CAISO and SPP? Subscribe and Receive Expert Renewable Energy Reporting, Analysis and Intelligence from the Analysts at Energy Acuity. boundaries for the American ISOs here: You signed in with another tab or window. https://pyiso.readthedocs.io/en/latest/options.html, https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/ABlEKFuZ4TZ3zGd0NaUH900wKcAlO7SLks5rNkQ7gaJpZM4K7H6i, https://github.com/corradio/electricitymap/tree/data/us, WIP Prepare Northern American topology & database, https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/ABlEKBNJZiFuFBnPED6lhSYwi8q3cjFeks5rcpKOgaJpZM4K7H6i, http://www.eia.gov/beta/realtime_grid/#/status, https://github.com/corradio/electricitymap/blob/master/web/topogen.sh, https://hifld-geoplatform.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/0242ddfc59554fadb8ffe8066c573c93_0, https://hifld-geoplatform.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/9d1099b016e5482c900d657f06f3ac80_0, http://www.eei.org/about/members/uselectriccompanies/Documents/EEIMemCoTerrMap.pdf, https://hifld-geoplatform.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/control-areas/data?page=1, https://www.eia.gov/opendata/qb.php?category=3390101, https://hifld-geoplatform.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/electric-planning-areas/data, https://medium.com/@mbostock/command-line-cartography-part-1-897aa8f8ca2c, https://www.nerc.com/pa/Stand/Version%200%20Relaibility%20StandardsRD/Draft_4_VO_Clean_Operating_Standards_01_07_05.pdf, https://www.nerc.com/docs/oc/rs/NERC%20Balancing%20and%20Frequency%20Control%20040520111.pdf, https://www.spp.org/documents/59006/spp-miso_rsc_oms_response_spp_miso_final_v3.pdf, Tonyvanswet/ele 1581 exchanges are still shown when in (, https://linear.app/electricitymaps/issue/ELE-1331#comment-5816d8f5, IESO (data source fix needed; area definition needed - this is the entirety of Ontario), AESO (data source fix needed; area definition needed - I think this is the entirety of Alberta? Maybe that could reduce the fragmentation (and required effort) to some extent? Certified market participants who qualify for supplemental registration initiatives must submit the necessary documentation corresponding to tariff schedule requirements. Seems like all of the areas more or less overlap with (many unused) others, which causes that "disintegration", esp. Blog My base dataset is one of the EIA's SVGs, which had to be cleaned up, converted, opened in Illustrator, cleaned up again, then processed to extract every relevant (now wireframe) region of interest, each of which was multiplied by a fixed scaling factor, roughly centered, then exported as a maximum-resolution png file. Planning Zones. 9$ 98,000,000 $ 101,920,000 $ 3,920,000 . This interactive mapping feature allows users to view heat maps for a single time period down to the hourly level, or to visualize LMP changes over time. 5 0 obj DRR Type II are typically behind the meter generators or highly controllable load processes capable of receiving electronic dispatch instructions to supply a range of Energy and/or Operating Reserves. For new Market Participants, all additions, changes, and transfers of Commercial Model assets require the following document, which must be attached to the MCR within the MISO Model Manager (MMM): For an overview of changes that can be submitted into the Commercial Model, please see below. Does that make sense? About. Send the PR! I have crude (some annoying alignment issues with borders that can be obscured via thick borders) shapefiles (as individual outlines of regions) for MISO (this one is technically two shapefiles and I followed the coverage indicated on the MISO site for the Manitoba MISO shapefile, which is apparently only a small part of Manitoba rather than the entire province (not sure why but I'm not arguing with MISO's official map)), SPP, PJM, NYISO, and ISO-NE. all_self_SHP-v1.zip First thing to do is to use the library mentioned before to pull production mix informations from the US by writing a parser. It is the responsibility of all certified market participants to ensure data is kept current and that any change(s) to such data is submitted to MISO according to any stated deadlines. PJM Real-Time Load: 67,984 MW PJM (MISO): $20.60 . Please attach the below documents to the submitted MCR within the MISO Model Manager (MMM). Based on the "committed capacity" at the time of the survey, all zones in MISO's North and Central regions, except zone 7, which covers Michigan, would be unable to meet their expected needs . Thanks! The map also shows the location of substations, transmission lines and transmission zones. @corradio, has anyone made any progress with merging third-party shapefiles/geometries into the map? With pleasure! Sorry for my late reply, and thanks so much for the work here. endstream This data can be easily exported to excel for more in-depth analysis. MISO requires a client-side digital certificate fromone of three MISO-trusted authorities: Upon receipt of your certificate, please validate your DN string using theCertificate DN Tool. First, we need to get data for the boundaries of each ISO, for which we already have production data. Attempts at simplifying the number of points haven't gone well. So, optimistically, I should be able to deliver the following (italicized = highest priority): This would be plenty for a good sample of major US utilities, assuming we can get alternative data sources for those three areas. NSI-6,591. The first attached zipfile contains shapefiles for ERCOT (based on EIA map), ISO-NE (based on EIA map), MISO (based on EIA map), NYISO (based on EIA map), PJM (based on EIA map), SWPP (based on EIA map), MISO_CA (the part of MISO that's in Manitoba - not based on EIA map (based on MISO's map)), and NVEnergy (I just manually traced the entirety of Nevada - it isn't 100% accurate but it's close enough that we can use it - not based on EIA map (not sure exactly what source I used to verify the boundaries but I'm confident that it's accurate enough)). Very slight imprecisions in image scaling in Illustrator could have affected the result significantly. https://hifld-geoplatform.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/electric-planning-areas/data also seems to contain similar areas, and has abbreviations that correspond directly to the BAs, but contains quite a few areas which eia does not have data for (example, Alabama power company). 1 0 obj MISOs Resource Adequacy constructcomplements the jurisdiction that regulatory authorities have in determining the necessarylevel of adequacy and works in concert with Load Serving Entities (LSEs) that providedemand forecasts that help drive the development of local and regional requirements. 2019 Energy Acuity. The geographic boundaries of each of the LRZs will be based upon analysis that considers: The electrical boundaries of Local Balancing Authorities State boundaries The LMP Contour map below provides a real-time map of the MISO / PJM footprint showing selected Commercial Pnodes, with their respective LMP values. Users can use Energy Acuitys mapping tools to identify proxy wind nodes near different sites you are considering. This range could reach 7.2 GW if all potential resources are realized. My opinion on this after doing some research is that yes, each BA has it's own associated grid, and even though these grids overlap geographically, they are using different transmission lines in reality - With the exception that there is something in the US regulations called 'Overlap Regulation Service', which seems to be when one BA contracts another to take care of the physical transmission of energy in an area, however I have not been able to find any examples of BAs that do this, or much information on this at all. Market Participants may add or transfer resources capable of providing Generation. MISO LMP: $26.65. Balancing_Authority_Areas.zip. The attribute data for the shapes is very detailed. Let's start small (maybe with only one ISO to begin with) and then we can extend slowly, instead of taking a mouthful too big :). The Real-Time Total Load chart displays the hour ending values for integrated Medium Term Load Forecast (MTLF) and Cleared Demand for the MISO market. Market Participants may add, transfer, or terminate its Asset Owner representation. Split US Issue #143 electricitymaps/electricitymaps-contrib - Github Unfortunately I have no viable working alternative - I have successfully produced rasters using other coordinate systems/projection types, but I would have to remap literally everything to get those to work somewhat well, and distortion becomes an unexpectedly major issue when doing this (for different reasons). MISO Load Forecast. Basically, here's the ISOs for which we have production data for, and for which we need the corresponding boundaries: https://pyiso.readthedocs.io/en/latest/options.html Hmm not sure those EIA regions are the same as ISO member boundaries here? Correct? Youre offline. Regional energy information including dashboards, maps, data, and analyses. It also defines all of the locations where prices are established and used for business transactions in MISO markets. Energy & Financial Markets: What Drives Crude Oil Prices? Trouble with this page? Come test out some of the products still in development and let us know what you think! Sounds good! Copyright 2010-2023 Midcontinent Independent System Operator, Inc. All rights reserved. Please attach the below document to the submitted MCR within the MISO Model Manager (MMM). The complexity of the script needed to generate the (GeoJSON?) You might as well add some of your resources to this issue thread so people don't end up repeating work. The large ISO areas are good but big parts of the USA are missing and wouldn't show up on the map. The settings used while creating georeferenced rasters may have a significant influence on the accuracy of the result, but it is difficult and very time-consuming to assess the impact of different options here. It seems that there are quite a large number of contributing factors, and so far I have been unable to devise a working solution that increases accuracy to the necessary extent, although I have a few more ideas to explore before giving up. LMP Price and Node Mapping Energy Acuity's LMP tool provides heat mapping for all MISO zones across the U.S. Conclusions regarding inaccuracy with my projections: Tl;Dr: The inaccuracy in the data is extremely complex in origin and very much unavoidable right now, but it can still definitely be obscured, and if it is obscured, this data should easily be sufficient for an initial US/CA version of electricitymap. Required documents include: Market Participants who have the capability to reduce load or operate back-up generation resources during emergency conditions can register those resources as Emergency Demand Response. stream Hopefully they're usable. I think I am just gonna call the customer service and see if they can forward me to someone who can provide us with the boundary files. Energy Acuity collects forward LMP pricing data from several third-party vendors and aggregates this data into 7 year forwards. Their only benefits are that they have nice metadata (not really relevant for our use case) and that they may seem somewhat more "official" (which is a subjective argument, not an objective one). This map shows the flow of electricity into and out of PJM. 2018 Transmission and Substation Report Form, 2019 EA ESRI Grid Modernization Report Form. Documentation: SPP/AESO are less easily accessible but it looks like the data could probably be obtained with some reasonable effort. If you are interested in participating in the MISO Generation Interconnection queue, you do not need to register as a Market Participant first. PJM - Maps Local Resource Zones (LRZ) The price decline at Zone 4 was a 52%drop over the prior year, but other zones saw an almost 2,000% surge from the yearprior. The distributed maximum power point tracking (DMPPT) technologies, based on a DC optimizer (DCO) for every single photovoltaic (PV) panel, are increasingly proposed to mitigate the waste of solar. Enhancements are being released to MECT Customer Connectivity Environment (CCE) as they become available. MISO conducts seasonal resource assessments to evaluate potential resource adequacy risksfor the upcoming season. The calculation of SAC values will be enhanced to a more efficient, automated process in replacement of the current manual method for thermal type resources. Please attach the below documents to the submitted MCR within the MISO Model Manager (MMM). EIA's free and open data available as API, Excel add-in, bulk files, and widgets. endobj ArcGIS - NYISO load zones and utility territory NPL As an RTO, one of MISOs key functions is to facilitate the availability of adequate resourcesto reliably meet the peak demand in the MISO region. endobj This map shows the flow of electricity into and out of PJM. Basis Risk Analysis endobj This is a system of record for electric industry information. Theoretically those three independent regions are literally each divided solely along provincial/national borders, so you could probably just get border data elsewhere and call it a day, but you still have to merge the MISO Manitoba and MISO US regions. ***> wrote: RA Seasonal Accredited Capacity FAQ(KA-01373), MECT Seasonal Accredited Capacity Displays(KA-01320), MECT Tool Changes for Seasonal Accredited Capacity (Video), How to Use the Resource Adequacy SAC Unit Template (KA-01372), How to Use the Resource Adequacy SAC Unit Template (Video), How to access Schedule 53 SAC Validation files in the Market Portal. Where do I start? Please attach the below documents to the submitted MCR within the MISO Model Manager (MMM). Hello- Are the cleaned-up North American Balancing Authority shapes available for download for academic research purposes? At any rate, affine transformations are not the holy grail, they would be a partial fix at best, so I suppose it doesn't matter too much. <>/Metadata 2822 0 R/ViewerPreferences 2823 0 R>> stream Google Maps Without alternative data sources I think we'll have a major issue when it comes to Canada due to lack of coverage outside of part of Manitoba. 2. The following module is available in theCustomer Learning Center: Introduction to Seasonal Accredited Capacity. 1 0 obj Please contact EVPRP at vprweb@purdue.edu. #a5,}>*au| i+nN}438u$V{ *R@)"x#=;ag %BhLu|mkg4(TDf344KxbOmjRL%+,ug[k4yvV G[JplLJ9$wJ+&/c]=?Bg7PuPULmvyhT7hh 0 Map Zone Number from Attachment H Transmission Owner Effective Date Resolution . 1 0 obj For questions and support please create a case through our Help Center. Hey @systemcatch @corradio , I found some (new? For more about MISO's credit requirements for market participants, please visit one or both of the following: Certification occurs after credit approval when the model is loaded, which is usually 7 business days prior to the effective model start date. Reports requested by congress or otherwise deemed important. NYISO load zones and utility territory NPL. Customers also may count on us for technical assistance and support on MISO Transmission rate-related matters. % Transmission Settlements follows a calendar-month billing cycle by which MISO determines what charges Transmission Customers have incurred and the distribution of revenue to Transmission Owners and/or generators. EAs unique approach merges primary research, public resource aggregation, web monitoring and expert analysis that is delivered through a simple, dynamic online platform. Careers Thanks for the tremendous effort. What is Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP)? Agreement) for Zone 16 of the MISO Tariff." . Map of MEP Local Resource Zone Boundaries Local Resource Zone pricing zone(s) DPC, GRE, MDU, MP, NSP, OTP, SMP ATC ITCM, MEC, MPW AMIL, CWLP, SIPC AMMO, CWLD BREC, DEI, HE, IPL, NIPS, VECT METC, ITC EATO CLCE, ELTO, ENTO, ETTO, LAFA EMTO, SME pricing zones: AMIL - Ameren Illinois AMMO - Ameren Missouri MISO faces growing capacity shortfalls in northern, central regions Attach completed documents to your case, reference your entity code in the external description and send. =Ag>&of~s&D=Bl :m-ThKr.TZuK"_/ndPy)wDU&@b#QG-FD)"Kl|):'C$C02u,jr?>+d/V!ArG @Ke\tVzg8|FJ@ https://www.nerc.com/pa/Stand/Version%200%20Relaibility%20StandardsRD/Draft_4_VO_Clean_Operating_Standards_01_07_05.pdf, Overview from NERC on balancing and frequency control. PDF 2021/22 PY Planning Reserve Margin and Local Reliability Requirement Maps, tools, and resources related to energy disruptions and infrastructure. Due to the overlaps, we are trying to ensure that each balancing authority is actually it's own electric grid - so that our assumption that they act like a copper plate within that grid is valid. Note that all files in my zipfile use EPSG 3857 except for MISO_CA and NVEnergy, which use EPSG 4326. 3 0 obj MISO will provide the details of each LRZ no later than September 1st of the year prior to a Planning Year. 3,385 / 2,673 MW. Copyright 2010-2023Midcontinent Independent System Operator, Inc. All rights reserved. http://www.isorto.org/about/default. I have already attempted to determine if the misalignment was due to mapping/resizing/projection mistakes (which took a while to run tests for), and so far it appears that none of these are at fault. Their ISO-level shapefiles are no more accurate than the ones I created/collected (if anything they are considerably cruder and less accurate), which is a major disappointment. Other zones have two or less. Directions. PDF 2020 OMS-MISO Survey Results I looked into the feasibility of adding BPA and/or NVEnergy since they are on the pyiso list. stream Pursuant to FERC Order 182 FERC 61,033 issued on January 27, 2023, a proposal by the MISO Transmission Owners was accepted to eliminate all charges under Schedule 2 for the provision of reactive power within the standard power factor range effective December 1, 2022. Is this new? PJM - Interregional Data Map LMP, Home Purpose of the State Utility Forecasting Group, An equal access/equal Exploration and reserves, storage, imports and exports, production, prices, sales. MISO must receive the request no later than five business days prior to the requested termination date. At least some of the observed errors are attributable directly to the distortions caused by this projection technique.
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