& (2014) Evaluating Vowel Normalisation Procedures: A Case Study on Southern Sotho Vowels. In O. Y. , A particularly rare phenomenon reported in Hendo C82 involves the class 5 prefix, which is actually the reflex of the Proto-Bantu augment *di- followed by the noun prefix *i- (cf. Frota, S. Monakas detailed study combines acoustic data with data about larynx height and vocal fold vibrations obtained using a laryngograph. Namibian Yeyi is described as having 19 click consonants (Gowlett 1997: 257), while Botswana Yeyi speakers vary, having as few as 12 or as many as 22 distinct click consonants (Fulop et al. Tonga M64 has long vowels but does not show any compensatory lengthening before NC. (1896) tudes sur les langues du Haut-Zambze. Leiden: Brill. Except in post-nasal environments and sometimes before his reconstructed super-high vowels, the reconstructed voiced plosives most commonly correspond to voiced continuants of one type or another or to implosives in the modern languages. 3: 79121. A small quantity of air is entrapped inside the sealed oral cavity. Older accounts of Southern Sotho S33 describe both post-alveolar or sub-laminal retroflex articulations (Doke 1923: 713, 1926: 301). In The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015. (1999) Clicks in East African Languages. It is found in Malawi, where, since 1968, it has served as the national language; in Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. She found that [ATR] vowels with a constricted voice quality tend to have higher center of gravity values, while [+ATR] vowels with a hollow quality have lower center of gravity values (Starwalt 2008: 441). Areas north of Swati S43 and east of Ndebele S44 with grey patterns show the S10, S50 and S61 zones where clicks have been sporadically attested. Ladefoged Bergen, B. K. C. The acoustic phonetic characteristics of the eight- and nine-vowel systems of some Mbam languages (A40+A60) are detailed in Boyd (2015). Muniru London: SOAS. 32(1): 97111. Readers unfamiliar with acoustic analysis might see Ladefoged (2000) for an introduction to the concept of a formant. The tongue surface appears as a curved white line. Aberdeen: G. & W. Fraser, Belmont Works. Note particularly the slope of a line connecting the back vowels which points roughly to the position of the central vowel /a/, similar to that seen in Ziervogel, D. Vowel and Nasal Harmony in Bantu Languages. Dorsal closures for all three click types in Thomas-Vilakatis data are held for about 175 milliseconds, but the front closures show some significant timing differences. van Schaik. , J. C. Mbochi C25, which does not have downdrift, still has final lowering due to a L% boundary tone (Rialland & Aborobongui 2016). (eds. , Namaseb are higher compared to , The arrow in the spectrogram points to a convergence of F2 and F3 characteristic of velars. Clicks in the South-West cluster were borrowed independently from those in the South-East. (2006) Low Vowels andTtransparency in Kinande Vowel Harmony. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America G.-M. Polar or mid tones are found in Holoholo D28 and Nyanga D43. Ms. Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa. Manuel, S. Y. 38(4): 604615. J.-M. 2009b, Miller 2010, 2016). Stankowski The click in the word [ruoma] papyrus in ), Phonology and Phonetic Evidence, 168187. D. 4: 109132. (1967) Bantu Grammatical Reconstructions. The 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVII), Hong Kong, August 1721, 2011, 17261729. F. Hombert This study of Changana S53 whistling fricatives underscores the fact that the phonetic realisation of a cross-linguistically rare sound may differ from one language to the next. The one spectrogram of a word containing /pk/ published in this study actually shows that the duration of the element is considerably longer than a simple stop, suggesting it contains a sequence of articulations, although no burst is visible for the /p/. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 285320. This may have two principal effects. , C. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. . Sukuma F21 lengthened vowels are almost exactly intermediate between underlying short and long vowels and the nasal portion is quite long. B. In Dotted vertical lines separate the major phonetic components of the first syllable. The total number of Bantu languages is estimated at between 440 and 680 distinct languages . ), Turbulent Sounds: An Interdisciplinary Guide, 245279. (1993) Swahili and Sabaki: A Linguistic History. ), The Blackwell Companion to Phonology, Chapter 14. Ngcobo Gouskova In Tswana S31, declarative sentences are primarily marked by penultimate lengthening and a reduced or devoiced final vowel (Zerbian 2016). Typically, studies of intonation in Bantu languages tend to look at F0 and duration; measures of intensity and spectral tilt are less often used to identify prosodic cues (Zerbian & Barnard 2008). 2017: 20, Gunnink forthcoming), and may have even been lost where they were once attested. The Bantu verb consists of a root that can be accompanied by affixes with various lexical and grammatical functions. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 225284. High tone is generally the phonologically marked tone, with Low tone being unmarked (Stevick 1969, Downing 2011) (see also Chapter 5). Chen, Y. B. Vowel length contrasts occur in some Bantu languages, which may or may not be accompanied by changes in vowel quality and/or various processes of vowel lengthening (cf. In & . 2009a). A. , London; New York: Routledge. Y. Figure 3.7 & 59: 150179. & F. Kwasio A81 pharyngealised vowels differ significantly in vowel quality compared to their non-pharyngealised counterparts. Borland, C. H. Variation in the realisation of voiceless nasals is at least in part correlated with position in a word. Monaka, K. C. 5: 105111. Pretoria: University of South Africa. South African Journal of African Languages Gunnink, H. Journal of Phonetics These languages have some prosodic features different from English, not widely discussed in the literature. 35: 5684. , or as an unaspirated alveolar click ([ruoma]), as in (2000) A Course in Phonetics, 4th edition. Using data from these sources, P. There are many important interactions between these three aspects of phonetic structure and some of these will be taken up at the point where it seems appropriate to do so. 13(2): 171196. Hubbard (1994, 1995) also compared the durations of vowels in three further languages with different patterns. M. (2001) Shekgalagari Stop Consonants: A Phonetic and Phonological Study. K. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. (2013), Proctor et al. Fragment C is the voiced portion of the vowel /a/. Abstract Professor Guthrie's Comparative Bantu is so impressive in its general layout, so rich in data and so rigorous in its techniques that it constitutes, after such contributions as those of. Segebarth Faytak, M. Figure 3.26 Kalanga S16 vowel formant means according to measurements by done the first author. 1989, Sitoe 1996), but their functional load in these lects is not well known. In Northern Sotho S32, however, there is speaker variation in the position of the F0 peak, which may occur somewhere between the second and the third syllable, counting from the high-tone-bearing, verbstem initial syllable (Zerbian 2009). Premire Partie: Grammaires Soubiya et Louyi. These pictures are magnetic resonance images of sustained vowels produced by Pither Medjo Mv, a speaker of the Bitam variety of Fang A75 (Demolin et al. Reports and Papers, 307450. (2010) Coproduction and Coarticulation in IsiZulu Clicks. (ed. (2007) Tongue Body Constriction Differences in Click Types. New York: Routledge. & The means for /e o/ plotted here do not include tokens of these raised variants. and Elderkin Baumbach, E. J. M. There is evidence for post-nasal fortition rather than devoicing in the Ngwato S31c variety (Gouskova et al. Spectrogram of Kwasio A81 /ko/ [k] avarice spoken by a male speaker. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. It is estimated that some 300 to 350 million people, or one in three Africans, are Bantu speakers. & This can be shown by calculating the average rate of pressure change over this phase of the click, which is 14.4 hPa/ms for post-alveolars, 7.9 for dentals, and 4.2 hPa/ms for laterals. In describing clicks, it is customary to talk of the click type and the click accompaniment. Figure 3.13 The Structure of a Bantu Language with Special Reference to Swahili, or Form and Function through Bantu Eyes Author(s): E. O. Ashton Source: Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol. The pharyngealised /o/ in Paper presented at the 32nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Voiceless, voiced, prenasalised and even aspirated stops may all pattern as depressor consonants (Chen & Downing 2011, Cibelli 2015, Lee 2015). & , , . 2017). (2013) /r/ in Washili Shingazidja. B. T. In Zulu, for instance, the lexical function is shown in the contrast between yng doctor and yng moon or yl refuse and yl begin. The grammatical function is illustrated in mnt person and mnt it is a person or nghlnz I wash and nghlnz I washing (the participial form). Guthrie, M. Omar 2011, Boyer & Zsiga 2013). Riallands (2007) survey includes seven different prosodic types found in Bantu languages, the most common being the use of register expansion along with the reduction of downdrift. Gick, B. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Odden, D. Roux, J. C. By Malcolm. , 15(4): 186191. Pretoria: Via Afrika. (2014) Clicks, Concurrency and Khoisan. Demolin et al. As these show, the first segment is released before the closure for the second is formed. The palatal click type may be found as a variant of // used in child-directed speech in Zulu and Xhosa (Bradfield 2014: 27). Paris: Socit des Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France avec le concours du Groupe dEtudes et de Recherches en Linguistique Applique, Universit Nationale du Rwanda. (2016) Sentence Intonation in Tswana (Sotho-Tswana group). E. However, from the phonetic point of view, the Bantu languages have fewer articulatorily complex consonants than is sometimes suggested. (2013) The Impact of Khoesan on Southern Bantu. A. There are currently approximately 50 million speakers of Swahili (Hinnebusch, 1979), of which 2 million are native speakers (the remainder Sands The paper . Figure 3.29 & Most strikingly, the high vowels /i u/ are placed lower than the mid vowels /e o/. (2016a) Intonation in African Tone Languages. (eds. Schadeberg These closely related languages have been argued to violate a constraint against voiceless stops after nasals. 3: 19811984. This study shows that the F0 associated with depressors is lower than a low tone, and the lowest pitch is centred on the depressor consonants themselves. Swahili, which is spoken by five million people as a mother tongue and some 30 million as a second language, is a Bantu lingua franca important in both commerce and literature. The white horizontal lines indicate the width of the maximum cons-triction. (ed. In Bemba M42, polar questions are marked by a final boundary L% on the final syllable, but pitch range expansion is also used (Kula & Hamann 2016). 16: 385400. (forthcoming) Studying Clicks Using Real-Time MRI. 2002, Bostoen 2008). K. & Figure 3.18 (2011) Bantu Tone. (1926) The Phonetics of the Zulu Language. Paper presented at LSA Annual Meeting, January P. J. Parkinson R. Sands Maho, J. Seifert Guthrie, M. (1997) Formant Structure of Standard KiSwahili Vowels. Although these acoustic measurements are suggestive, it should be borne in mind that inferences from simple formant measures concerning vowel articulation must be made with caution. Clark Figure 3.26 , Boyd, V. L. M. The Bantu languages are polysyllabic, employ class prefixes, use tone for grammati- cal rather than semantic distinctions, place the genitive after the governing noun, etc. (eds. Figure 3.31 (1985) On aspiration in Swahili: Hypotheses, Field Observations and an Instrumental Analysis. In This process does not result in double articulations that are almost totally overlapped, as in labial-velars, but sequential articulations which are overlapped either not at all or no more than is typical of sequences such as /tk/ or /pk/ in English words like fruitcake or hopkiln. On the other hand, it does produce rather unusual consonant sequences in onset positions. In the Gur language Minyanka, the pharyngeal fricative [] is a variant of // (Dombrowsky-Hahn 1999: 52). Figure 3.2 The book is divided into four sections: I) Introduction, II) Identifying the Bantu Languages, III) Methods of Classification and IV) The Bantu languages Classified. Phonology A voiced pharyngeal fricative // is found in Nyokon A45 (Lovestrand 2011). Each point represents the mean of six measurements, three of isolated vowel tokens, plus three tokens in final vowels in /alV/ nonsense words. ), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (2002) describe it as an unreleased voiced palatal implosive [] before a voiceless stop or affricate, e.g., in [paka] moth. MRI scans indicate that this segment is appropriately viewed as a hyperarticulation of the vowel /i/. Similar segments are very rare in the worlds languages, but do occur in the Dagestanian language Tabasaran (Kodzasov & Muravjeva 1982). Gisamba (ISO 639-3: smx) is a nearly undocumented and undescribed as well as highly endangered Bantu language spoken in the Kwilu and Kwango provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. J. C. Kuperus, J. Although lip positions have not been reported for Tshwa S51, the acoustic findings are similar to those in Tsonga S53 in that the whistling fricatives have narrower spectral peak bandwidths and lower spectral peak frequencies when compared to their non-whistled fricative counterparts (Shosted 2006).
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