(A biological community is an interacting group of various species in a common location.) Annotated List of Wetlands of International Importance: Uzbekistan. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139177788.021, Carroll C, Ray JC (2021) Maximizing the effectiveness of national commitments to protected area expansion for conserving biodiversity and ecosystem carbon under climate change. That includes 29 percent of all amphibians, 21 percent of all mammals, and 12 percent of all birds. At the highest level, one can look at all the different species on the entire Earth. She or he will best know the preferred format. (Human beings have about 25,000 genes, while rice has more than 56,000.) 4. Biodiversity is a term used to describe the enormous variety of life on Earth. Biodiversity is not distributed equally over the globe; several factors combine to create so-called hotspots . It enjoys a high level of biodiversity. Identifying and understanding the relationships between all the life on Earth are some of . Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2014.996283, Djoudi H, Brockhaus M, Locatelli B (2013) Once there was a lake: Vulnerability to environmental changes in northern Mali. Yet a study by Smithsonian scientists, published this week in the journal Science, shows that. The ecosystem is thus a biodiversity hotspot and as per the table, the ecosystem X gets more of the high temperature and has s size square of 100 miles. According to Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), drylands globally comprise the following categories: barren land (28%), grassland (25%), forests (18%), and cropland (14%); with the remainder classified as other land (which includes inland water bodies, other wooded land, apart from those classified as forests, built-up environment and unidentified land types) (FAO, 2019). in pea plants, round peas (R) are dominant to wrinkled peas (r). Climate change and biodiversity loss arguably represent the most substantial challenges to ecosystem health and supply of nature's contributions to people (NCP) ().They also directly and indirectly affect human health and well-being and the functioning and sustainability of human societies at the global scale (2, 3).Increases in greenhouse gas emissions now exceed 55 billion tonnes of carbon . For Ecol Manag 483:118906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118906, The Ramsar Convention Seceretariat. Overall, the literature reviewed suggests an enormous potential of wetland restoration with multiple benefits summarized in Table 1. What is an ecosystem? An additional nested search was performed to expand the general results to the geographic case study region of focus, using the following combinations (TITLE-ABS-KEY) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, English, Russian)): nature-based AND solutions AND Central Asia, nature-based AND solutions AND Aral Sea, ecosystem-based AND Aral Sea, rangeland AND Aral Sea, grassland AND Aral Sea, wetland AND Aral Sea. It has also been documented that sub-soil conditions are at times more important than topsoil for tree growth (Matsui, Watanabe, Kussainova, & Funakawa, 2019). W - low niche diversity and warm water temperatures. This in turn defines fish abundance and eventually impacts local biodiversity and livelihoods. Cambridge University Press. Additional keywords were used to include the most frequent interventions in the Aral Sea region mentioned in the literature: afforestation AND Aral Sea, saxaul AND Aral Sea, artemia AND Aral Sea. We highlight which NbS show the most promise in the Aral Sea region and conclude with a discussion of existing gaps in the literature on NbS in drylands, and opportunities for further research. California has the most imperiled biodiversity of any state in the contiguous United States. Seddon N, Chausson A, Berry P, Girardin CA, Smith A, Turner B (2020) Understanding the value and limits of nature-based solutions to climate change and other global challenges. As per the table ecosystem, X has the highest diversity. Governance challenges in terms of cooperation among various agencies to effectively conduct research and development, and subsequent monitoring of interventions implemented. Coral reefs are believed by many to have the highest biodiversity of any ecosystem on the planeteven more than a tropical rainforest. Int J Appl Earth Observ Geoinform 105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2021.102635, Zhang L, Sun P, Huettmann F, Liu S (2022) Where should China practice forestry in a warming world? https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15498, Article Most medical discoveries to cure diseases and lengthen life spans were made because of research into plant and animal biology and genetics. Biodiversity is extremely important to people and the health of ecosystems. How urban centers across the globe help boost biodiversity. Also, NbS are considered amongst those tools with the greatest potential to reach the UN Sustainable Development Goals (Dubey, Singh, Chaurasia, Pandey, & Singh, 2021), (Gmez Martn, Giordano, Pagano, van der Keur, & Mez Costa, 2020), which Uzbekistan has committed to achieving by 2030 (The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics, 2022). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Conservation efforts are necessary to preserve biodiversity and protect endangered species and their habitats. The relative cost-efficiency of NbS (Bonn, Allott, Evans, Joosten, & Stoneman, 2016), (Girardin, et al., 2021) has led to their increased popularity recently.NbS offer quite a range of benefits (Seddon, et al., 2020), (Girardin, et al., 2021), including biodiversity conservation, ecosystem restoration, climate change mitigation and adaptation.As drylands around the world are projected to . https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2021.PARKS-27-1KM.en, Marden B, Van Stappen G, Musaev A, Mirabdullayev I, Joldasova I, Sorgeloos P (2012) Assessment of the production potential of an emerging Artemia population in the Aral Sea, Uzbekistan. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. Turkish J Zool 38:590597. Genetic biodiversity is the variation in genes that exists within a species. Otherwise you might gain a large percentage of area protected but you have done very little in actually safeguarding species.. This article addresses the climate and biodiversity of one of Earth's most diverse and iconic biomes: the tropical . Ecosystems can also contain species too small to see with the naked eye. The issue with low plant survival rates on the dried-out seabed in Uzbekistan is not uncommon: according to Shomurodov et al., (2021), survival rate of plant species in afforested areas is as low as 20%. Arid Land Res Manag 33:3754. This state-by-state analysis of U.S. biodiversity ranks all 50 states on several key biological characteristics, including diversity of species, endemism, levels of rarity and risk, and species already lost to extinction. These are: marine (or saltwater), freshwater and those that are both. Aquat Conserv: Mar Freshw Ecosyst 9:517522. There is a whole state program for the development of the Aral Sea region in Uzbekistan as a zone of ecological innovations and technologies supported by a special Resolution of the United Nations General Assembly (United Nations General Assembly, 2021), which stipulates an increase in the area of afforested lands in the former seabed. Hence, nature-based solutions can be more broadly categorized as managed interventions to restore the environment or ecosystems specifically, by eventually having a positive impact on the local communities. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2008.9752644, Lemly AD, Kingsford RT, Thompson JR (2000) Irrigated agriculture and wildlife conservation: Conflict on a global scale. Some include a much larger number of species. They have been seen as a sustainable tool for the provision of benefits both for the environment and for society, which synergizes conservation efforts. (Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Additional measures for the creation of forests in the regions and of the green cover in the Aral Sea region, 2020b), (Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the establishment of South Ustyurt National Park (in Uzbek language), 2020a), (Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on additional measures related to the organization of protected areas on forestlands, 2022), My Garden in the Aral Sea International innovation Centre for Aral Sea basin under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan (iic-aralsea.org), FAO classification of soil types (Schad, 2014), Abdalla K, Mutema M, Chivenge P, Everson C, Chaplot V (2022) Grassland rehabilitation significantly increases soil carbon stocks by reducing net soil CO2 emissions. Seifollahi-Aghmiuni S, Nockrach M, Kalantari Z (2019) The Potential of Wetlands in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda. A global approach. California committed to 30x30 even before the federal government did. PAs can perform multiple functions and encompass several NbS approaches with respect to the ecosystem services they represent (see Table 1 for a list of services provided by PAs). Right now, about 13 percent of the United States is permanently protected and managed primarily for biodiversity, according to the United States Geological Survey. B) A large area of a forest will likely have higher biodiversity than a smaller area of the same forest. 2021. Nature 593:191194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-005-4677-1, Kim J, Song C, Lee S, Jo H-W, Park E, Yu H, Lee W-K (2020) Identifying potential vegetation establishment areas on the dried Aral Sea floor using satellite images. Scientists have studied only a small percentage of rainforest species in their search for cures. The sandy desert in the very east of Uzbekistan, covering a territory of about 5,5 million hectares (Summary report on the LDN target setting programme in the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2019), the former Aral Sea left behind, is now widely referred to as the Aralkum desert (Fig. All rights reserved. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. https://aral.uz/en/creation-of-small-local-water-bodies-in-the-delta-of-amudarya/, Agol D, Reid H, Crick F, Wendo, H (2021) Ecosystem-based adaptation in Lake Victoria Basin; synergies and trade-offs. From Borneo to the Andes and pole to pole, Earths plants and animals cling to dwindling habitat and edge closer to extinctiona global biodiversity crisis crying out for action. The only species that currently survives in what is known as the southern Aral Sea in Uzbekistan is brine shrimp (Artemia). Theroot systemof plants helps prevent flooding. Restoration of wetlands in the Aral Sea basin would not just have an economic value for the local population, but also environmental benefits (Girardin, et al., 2021), and would substantially contribute to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (Seifollahi-Aghmiuni, Nockrach, & Kalantari, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2013.855958, Schad P (2014) World reference base for soil resources 2014. https://www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf, Schlter M, Khasankhanova G, Talskikh V, Taryannikova R, Agaltseva N, Joldasova I, Abdullaev U (2013) Enhancing resilience to water flow uncertainty by integrating environmental flows into water management in the Amudarya River, Central Asia. Biodiversity, or biological diversity, is a term that refers to the number of genes, species, individual organisms within a given species, and biological communities within a defined geographic area, ranging from the smallest ecosystem to the global biosphere. But they are one of the most imperiled wildlife groups in the United States. As large-scale afforestation of the former Aral seabed is planned to continue through 2030, as stipulated by the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of UzbekistanFootnote 2, there is at the very least a need for planning and monitoring, as well as selection of native species to ensure afforestation success. The far-reaching negative consequences of the Aral catastrophe include, but are not limited to: increased number of lung, kidney and thyroid diseases, infant mortality and morbidity, decreased life expectancy, frequent dust storms, loss of aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity, diminished ecosystems (i.e., riparian forests, wetlands, grasslands) and their services, massive job losses due to the collapse of the fishing and tourism industries (Lemly, Kingsford, & Thompson, 2000), (Li, Ma, & Zhang, 2020), (Lioubimtseva & Henebry, 2009), (Schlter, et al., 2013). Australia's biodiversity is in steep decline, posing major risks to human health. Some species have as many as 400,000 genes. Bees and other insects carrypollenfrom one plant to another, which enables the plants to reproduce. Animals like the black-footed ferret and California condor are represented, but so are groups often left out of such analyses: species of bees, butterflies, fish, mussels, crayfish and flowering plants. speech and language skills? Mackinnon K, Mrema EM, Richardson K, Cooper D, Gidda SB (2021) Editorial essay: Protected and conserved areas: Contributing to more ambitious conservation outcomes post 2020. Greater biodiversity in ecosystems, species, and individuals leads to greater stability. Looking at samples of soil or water through a microscope reveals a whole world of bacteria and other tiny organisms. All of the Earths species work together to survive and maintain their ecosystems. The . Also, considering the ever-ongoing shortage of water resources and degradation of wetlands in the Aral Sea basin, there is a question of sustainability and cost-efficiency of the results achieved for almost three decades now. Uzbekistan currently has three wetlands included in the list of Wetlands of international importance (The Ramsar Convention Seceretariat. Biodiversity refers to every living thing, including plants, bacteria, animals, and humans. 2005). Wetlands, as a potentially cost-effective nature-based solution (Seifollahi-Aghmiuni, Nockrach, & Kalantari, 2019), provide a range of ecosystem services, including food security, climate adaptation and mitigation by acting as natural carbon sinks, and biodiversity conservation (Thorslund, et al., 2017), (Seifollahi-Aghmiuni, Nockrach, & Kalantari, 2019), (Taillardat, Thompson, Garneau, Trottier, & Friess, 2020). Losses of intact ecosystems have occurred primarily in the tropics, home to the highest levels of biodiversity on the planet. More than one-third of U.S. fish and wildlife species are at risk of extinction in the coming decades. Besides performing ecological functions, local wetlands are vital sources of income for the population by supporting fishing, hunting, livestock husbandry through the provision of forage (Lemly, Kingsford, & Thompson, 2000), (Schlter, et al., 2013). If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. One of the greatest threats to biodiversity is habitat loss. Many national parks, such as Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana, protect biodiversity within the park by restricting extractive activities, such asmininganddrilling.Marine protected areas (MPAs) have been established to preserve sea life. IUCN has set out a Global Standard for Nature-Based Solutions (IUCN, 2020), which defines eight criteria for addressing societal, economic, and environmental dimensions for NbS design and implementation (Fig. UNCCD (2017) Global land outlook. For instance, some diseases kill only one kind of tree. Protected areas can perform numerous benefits by preserving ecosystems and the services flowing from them, provided they are managed effectively (Oberle, Mackinnon, & Sandwith, 2021), (Carroll & Ray, 2021), (MacKinnon, Dudley, & Sandwith, 2011). The issues with human-biodiversity interaction in wetlands, where artemia is grown and harvested, sustainability of yields, water availability and its quality yet need to be researched to comply with NbS criteria. Over the history of the planet, most of the species that ever existed evolved and then gradually went extinct. Interface Focus 10. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0129, Tanneberger F, Appulo L, Ewert S, Lakner S, Brolchin N, Peters J, Wichtmann W (2021) The Power of Nature-Based Solutions: How Peatlands Can Help Us to Achieve Key EU Sustainability Objectives. Google Scholar, Djalilov BM, Khamzina A, Hornidge A-K, Lamers JP (2016) Exploring constraints and incentives for the adoption of agroforestry practices on degraded cropland in Uzbekistan. Biodiversityrefers to all the different kinds of living organisms within a given area. On a much smaller scale, one can study biodiversity within a pond ecosystem or a neighborhood park. Most people recognize biodiversity by speciesa group of individual living organisms that can interbreed. Which of the ecosystem has the lowest biodiversity? The fields, forests, andwetlands where wild plants and animals live are disappearing. Biome is another name for a distinct type of ecosystem. Encyclopedia of Earth: Biodiversity All sources of publications were considered in the review. Springer Netherlands. Springer Netherlands. This is both for biodiversity conservation, and also ecosystem services, due to the dependence of the local human population on water resources and interconnectedness of the state of terrestrial ecosystems (e.g., rangelands/grasslands, afforested areas) with the availability of local water bodies and water resources as such. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Sustainability and cost-effectiveness of wetlands restoration in the Aral Sea region of Uzbekistan. Environ Manag 25:485512. To reach its commitments to increase the percentage of protected areas with respect to the total territory, the government of Uzbekistan almost tripled the area of PAs in Karakalpakstan in 20212022 alone. About one square kilometer of the forest was estimated to host a cluster of imperiled species, including a rabbit, a bee and several plants. The climate and the plants in a biome determine what animals live there. You can play a part in protecting the biodiversity of your local community by creating a Certified Wildlife Habitat. With higher levels of biodiversity, ecosystems are more likely to recover after a . Stein, Bruce A., Lynn S. Kutner and Jonathan S. Adams. 5. This manure can also be used to fertilize cropland. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. . NbS have gained substantial attention in the academic literature recently as a potential approach for simultaneously tackling environmental issues and addressing societal challenges. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. Nearly half of the Asian continent is covered by drylands, which contributes to an estimated 34% of the worlds drylands. J Arid Land 11:114. Correspondence to https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-018-0073-3. list the steps that are followed if a suspect's blood is found at a crime scene. However, it is notable that agroforestry in croplands has been erroneously proposed as an afforestation measure in some papers reviewed. While Earths biodiversity is so rich that many species have yet to be discovered, many species are being threatened with extinction due to human activities, putting the Earths magnificent biodiversity at risk. PEERJ 7. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7665, Li J, Ma X, Zhang C (2020) Predicting the spatiotemporal variation in soil wind erosion across Central Asia in response to climate change in the 21st century. Sudochye-Akpetki state wildlife sanctuaryFootnote 6 total area: 2805.07km2, year of designation: 2021. Tech. Creation of small local water bodies in the delta of Amudarya. The Cape Floristic Region in South Africa is home to about 6,200 plant species found nowhere else in the world. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. J Arid Environ 73:963977. This genetic variation is why some dogs are poodles and some are pit bulls. There is the Cassia crossbill, a finch with a twisty beak found in a single county in Idaho. Overall, in our view, the most common possible issues of NbS application in the Aral Sea basin requiring further in-depth research are the following: Resilience of afforested areas to weather changes, temperature fluctuations, water availability and their long-term sustainability.
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