[55], Vanzetti complained during his sentencing on April 9, 1927, for the Braintree crimes, that Vahey "sold me for thirty golden money like Judas sold Jesus Christ. According to Whipple, Seibolt said that "we switched the murder weapon in that case", but indicated that he would deny this if Whipple ever printed it. In May 1920 Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested and accused of armed robbery on a shoe factory, during which a significant amount of money was stolen and two people were killed. On May 5 Sacco and Vanzetti, two Italian anarchists who had immigrated to the United States in 1908, one a shoemaker and the other a fish peddler, were arrested for the crime. Two Italian immigrants, Nicola Sacco and Batolomeo Vanzetti, died in the electric chair in 1927. [25] A coroner's report and subsequent ballistic investigation revealed that six bullets removed from the murdered men's bodies were of .32 automatic (ACP) caliber. 270271). It led to the Colorado coal strike of 1927.[132]. [36] Before sentencing, Judge Thayer learned that during deliberations, the jury had tampered with the shotgun shells found on Vanzetti at the time of his arrest to determine if the shot they contained was of sufficient size to kill a man. He claimed that the revolver was his own, and that he carried it for self-protection, yet he incorrectly described it to police as a six-shot revolver instead of a five-shot. Others cited evidence of xenophobia in some of his novels, references to "riff-raff" and a variety of racial slurs. Yet defense attorney Fred Moore felt he had to call both Sacco and Vanzetti as witnesses to let them explain why they were fully armed when arrested. The judge's assessment was significant, because he was one of Felix Frankfurter's "Hot Dogs", and Justice Frankfurter had advocated his appointment to the federal bench. Nothing could be more false. A storm of protest arose with mass meetings throughout the nation. His efforts helped stir up support but were so costly that he was eventually dismissed from the defense team. That same year, the defense read to the court an affidavit by Captain William Proctor (who had died shortly after conclusion of the trial) in which Proctor stated that he could not say that Bullet III was fired by Sacco's .32 Colt pistol. They were, respectively, a shoemaker and a fish peddler. [172] In December 1928, Di Giovanni and others failed in an attempt to bomb the train in which President-elect Herbert Hoover was traveling during his visit to Argentina.[172]. [159][160] Their attorney William Thompson asked Vanzetti to make a statement opposing violent retaliation for his death and they discussed forgiving one's enemies. [98][99][100] He explained the functions of each part and began to demonstrate how each was interchangeable, in the process intermingling the parts of all three pistols. But according to the HowStuffWorks podcast " Stuff You Missed in History Class ," the men were also involved in some unsavory activities. He arrived in the United States in 1908. "It is intended to remind us of the dangers of miscarried justice, and the right we all have to a fair trial. A case that sparked national and international outrage, the biases of the judge, prosecution and the jurors was markedly anti-immigrant and anti-anarchist throwing the . Demonstrations proceeded in many cities throughout the world, and bombs were set off in New York City and Philadelphia. [216][217][218] A resolution to censure Dukakis failed in the Massachusetts Senate by a vote of 23 to 12. "Report to the Governor in the Matter of Sacco and Vanzetti," July 13, 1977, in Upton Sinclair, "Report to the Governor" (1977), pp. Anonimi Compagni (Anonymous Fellow Anarchists). In South America wildcat strikes closed factories. You ought to be a just people. After the Committee hired William G. Thompson to manage the legal defense, he objected to its propaganda efforts. [191], Most historians believe that Sacco and Vanzetti were involved at some level in the Galleanist bombing campaign, although their precise roles have not been determined. The results confirmed that the bullet that killed Berardelli in 1920 was fired from Sacco's pistol. For a brief biography of Jackson, see Brandeis University: Watson, pp. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Order in the Court: 10 Trials of the Century, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sacco-and-Vanzetti, Constitutional Rights Foundation - Sacco and Vanzetti: Were Two Innocent Men Executed, Famous Trials - The Trial of Sacco and Vanzetti, Spartacus Educational - Sacco-Vanzetti Case, Commonwealth of Massachusetts - The Massachusetts Judicial Branch - Sacco & Vanzetti: Justice on Trial, Sacco and Vanzetti case - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). [25] The robbers seized the payroll boxes and escaped in a stolen dark blue Buick that was carrying several other men. The Los Angeles Times interprets subsequent letters as indicating that, to avoid loss of sales to his radical readership, particularly abroad, and due to fears for his own safety, Sinclair didn't change the premise of his novel in that respect. [36][57] Since that prejudiced the jury's verdict on the murder charge, Thayer declared that part a mistrial. Salem Press Encyclopedia. The judge was openly biased. [189][192] Faced with a secretive underground group whose members resisted interrogation and believed in their cause, Federal and local officials using conventional law enforcement tactics had been repeatedly stymied in their efforts to identify all members of the group or to collect enough evidence for a prosecution. After convictions for murder, followed by a lengthy legal battle to clear their names, their executions were met with mass protests across America and Europe. It is saying what it thinks of Judge Thayer. 761769, "Report to the Governor" (1977), pp. The four men knew each other well; Buda would later refer to Sacco and Vanzetti as "the best friends I had in America". [144] Some criticized Grant's appointment to the Committee, with one defense lawyer saying he "had a black-tie class concept of life around him," but Harold Laski in a conversation at the time found him "moderate." [170], Sacco's ashes were sent to Torremaggiore, the town of his birth, where they are interred at the base of a monument erected in 1998. On Sunday, August 28, a two-hour funeral procession bearing huge floral tributes moved through the city. That shows you how much justice there really is." [28], Vanzetti was being tried under Massachusetts' felony-murder rule, and the prosecution sought to implicate him in the Braintree robbery by the testimony of several witnesses: one testified that he was in the getaway car, and others who stated they saw Vanzetti in the vicinity of the Braintree factory around the time of the robbery. In Vanzettis last statement to the court, on April 9, 1927, he said in part: This is what I say: I would not wish to a dog or to a snake, to the most low and misfortunate creature of the earthI would not wish to any of them what I have had to suffer for things that I am not guilty of. A review could defend a judge whose decisions were challenged and make it less likely that a governor would be drawn into a case. The guilt or innocence of these two Italians is not the issue that has excited the opinion of the world. Neither led a life of crime. "[102] Albert Hamilton swore he had only taken the gun apart while being watched by Judge Thayer. [117] Using the comparison microscope, Goddard compared Bullet III and a .32 Auto shell casing found at the Braintree shooting with that of several .32 Auto test cartridges fired from Sacco's .32 Colt automatic pistol. Sacco had been at work on the day of the Bridgewater crimes but said that he had the day off on April 15the day of the Braintree crimesand was charged with those murders. Many historians, especially legal historians, have concluded the Sacco and Vanzetti prosecution, trial, and aftermath constituted a blatant disregard for political civil liberties, and especially criticize Thayer's decision to deny a retrial. [106] In May, once the SJC had denied their appeal and Medeiros was convicted, the defense investigated the details of Medeiros' story. Thayer's behavior both inside the courtroom and outside of it had become a public issue, with the New York World attacking Thayer as "an agitated little man looking for publicity and utterly impervious to the ethical standards one has the right to expect of a man presiding in a capital case. Nicola Sacco ( pronounced [nikla sakko]; April 22, 1891 - August 23, 1927) and Bartolomeo Vanzetti ( pronounced [bartolomo vantsetti, -dzet-]; June 11, 1888 - August 23, 1927) were Italian immigrant anarchists who were controversially accused of murdering Alessandro Berardelli and Frederick Parmenter, a guard and a paymaster, during the [25] No direct evidence tied Vanzetti's .38 nickel-plated Harrington & Richardson five-shot revolver to the crime scene, except for the fact that it was identical in type and appearance to one owned by the slain guard Berardelli, which was missing from the crime scene. "[59], In 1927, advocates for Sacco and Vanzetti charged that this case was brought first because a conviction for the Bridgewater crimes would help convict him for the Braintree crimes, where evidence against him was weak. Berardelli's wife testified that she and her husband dropped off the gun for repair at the Iver Johnson Co. of Boston a few weeks before the murder. Both sides presented arguments to its five judges on January 1113, 1926. Their case was widely seen as an injustice. 115ff. [66][74] This was corroborated by Luigi Falzini (Falsini), a friend of Vanzetti's and a fellow Galleanist, who stated that, after buying the .38 revolver from one Riccardo Orciani,[77] he sold it to Vanzetti. [164], Violent demonstrations swept through many cities the next day, including Geneva, London, Paris, Amsterdam, and Tokyo. [81], The defendants' radical politics may have played a role in the verdict. [145], In their earlier appeals, the defense was limited to the trial record. [210], In 1977, as the 50th anniversary of the executions approached, Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis asked the Office of the Governor's Legal Counsel to report on "whether there are substantial grounds for believingat least in the light of the legal standards of todaythat Sacco and Vanzetti were unfairly convicted and executed" and to recommend appropriate action. [6][7], Sacco was a shoemaker and a night watchman,[8] born April 22, 1891, in Torremaggiore, Province of Foggia, Apulia region (in Italian: Puglia), Italy, who migrated to the United States at the age of seventeen. [174] Afterward, Thayer lived permanently at his club in Boston, guarded 24 hours a day until his death on April 18, 1933. [115], The defense promptly appealed again to the Supreme Judicial Court and presented their arguments on January 27 and 28, 1927. "[120], In 1924, referring to his denial of motions for a new trial, Judge Thayer confronted a Massachusetts lawyer: "Did you see what I did with those anarchistic bastards the other day?" [117] Goddard first offered to conduct a new forensic examination for the defense, which rejected it, and then to the prosecution, which accepted his offer. Jornal Folha da Manh, segunda-feira, 22 de agosto de 1927. Sacco and Vanzetti were convicted because they were radicals and because they were Italian. N icola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti weren't famous during most of their lives. [76] The foreman explained that the shop was always kept busy repairing 20 to 30 revolvers per day, which made it very hard to remember individual guns or keep reliable records of when they were picked up by their owners. Johnson and Avrich suggest that the government prosecuted Sacco and Vanzetti for the robbery-murders as a convenient means to put a stop to their militant activities as Galleanists, whose bombing campaign at the time posed a lethal threat, both to the government and to many Americans. The idea to go to Mexico arose in the minds of several comrades who were alarmed by the idea that, remaining in the United States, they would be forcibly restrained from leaving for Europe, where the revolution that had burst out in Russia that February promised to spread all over the continent. Sacco and Vanzetti return to the United States. By every test that I know of for judging character, these are the letters of innocent men. [99], Other motions focused on the jury foreman and a prosecution ballistics expert. The state Supreme Court refused to upset the verdict, because at that time the trial judge had the final power to reopen a case on the grounds of additional evidence. [70] However, in his book on new evidence in the Sacco and Vanzetti case, historian David E. Kaiser wrote that Bullet III and its shell casing, as presented, had been substituted by the prosecution and were not genuinely from the scene. and saying he would "get them good and proper". However, Thayer said nothing about such a move during the hearing on the gun barrel switch and refused to blame either side. "[194] Whether Buda and Ferruccio Coacci, whose shared rental house contained the manufacturer's diagram of a .32 Savage automatic pistol (matching the .32 Savage pistol believed to have been used to shoot both Berardelli and Parmenter), had also participated in the Braintree robbery and murders would remain a matter of speculation. [223], Many sites in the former USSR are named after "Sacco and Vanzetti": for example, a beer production facility in Moscow,[224] a kolkhoz in Donetsk region, Ukraine; and a street and an apartment complex in Yekaterinburg. In April 1920, in South Braintree . Let them go to the Supreme Court now and see what they can get out of them. [30][38] In 1921, a booby trap bomb mailed to the American ambassador in Paris exploded, wounding his valet. [105], In November 1925, Celestino Medeiros, an ex-convict awaiting trial for murder, confessed to committing the Braintree crimes. Over the following years, they were united by their advocacy for workers and. He used the case to complain that Americans were too sensitive to foreign criticism: "One can scarcely let a sentence that is not highly flattering glance across the Atlantic without some American blowing up. The high positions in the community held by the members of the Committee obscured the fact that they were not really qualified to perform the difficult task assigned to them. Their conduct in prison consistently impressed guards and wardens. Author Francis Russell says in a new book about the case that a member of the anarchists' inner circle insisted that Sacco was guilty but . Testimony suggested that Sacco's gun had been treated with little care, and frequently disassembled for inspection. A boy who testified admitted to rehearsing his testimony. Many people felt that the trial had been less than fair and that the defendants had been convicted for their radical anarchist beliefs rather than for the crime for which they had been tried. Such details reinforced the difference between the Italians and the jurors. [26], As the car was being driven away by Michael Codispoti, the robbers fired wildly at company workers nearby. He called their attention to Thayer's lengthy statement that accompanied his denial of the Medeiros appeal, describing it as "a farrago of misquotations, misrepresentations, suppressions, and mutilations," "honeycombed with demonstrable errors. [99] Judge Thayer stopped Hamilton and demanded that he reassemble Sacco's pistol with its proper parts. Samuel W. Stratton of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Robert Grant, a former judge. 341)[186][187][188]. The same year the True Detective article was published, a study of ballistics in the case concluded, "what might have been almost indubitable evidence was in fact rendered more than useless by the bungling of the experts. The Governor's Committee, however, was not a judicial proceeding, so Judge Thayer's comments outside the courtroom could be used to demonstrate his bias. Three weeks later, two poor Italian immigrants were arrested and charged with robbery and murder. [195], In 1941, anarchist leader Carlo Tresca, a member of the Sacco and Vanzetti Defense Committee, told Max Eastman, "Sacco was guilty but Vanzetti was innocent",[196] although it is clear from his statement that Tresca equated guilt only with the act of pulling the trigger, i.e., Vanzetti was not the principal triggerman in Tresca's view, but was an accomplice to Sacco. [166], At Langone Funeral Home in Boston's North End, more than 10,000 mourners viewed Sacco and Vanzetti in open caskets over two days. A 1973 Mafia informant's autobiography quotes his brother Frank Morelli saying of Sacco and Vanzetti: "Those two suckers took it on the chin for us. On May 5 Sacco and Vanzetti, two Italian anarchists who had immigrated to the United States in 1908, one a shoemaker and the other a fish peddler, were arrested for the crime. [34] Tire tracks were seen near the abandoned Buick getaway car, and Chief Stewart surmised that two cars had been used in the getaway, and that Buda's car might have been the second car. Sacco and Vanzetti, in full Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, defendants in a controversial murder trial in Massachusetts, U.S. (192127), that resulted in their executions. When searched by police, both denied owning any guns, but were found to be holding loaded pistols. [137] He twice postponed the execution date while the governor considered requests for clemency. [167] Police blocked the route, which passed the State House, and at one point mourners and the police clashed. There was no direct evidence linking them to the crime, butin addition to being immigrantsboth men were anarchists . It argued that a judge would benefit from a full review of a trial, and that no one man should bear the burden in a capital case. [183], Following the SJC's assertion that it could not order a new trial even if there was new evidence that "would justify a different verdict," a movement for "drastic reform" quickly took shape in Boston's legal community. Judge Webster Thayer What happened in the first trial? On cross examination, the prosecution found it easy to make the witnesses appear confused about dates. In these circumstances a verdict of not guilty would have been very unusual". Once contacted in Italy, the clerk said he remembered Sacco because of the unusually large passport photo he presented. I guess that will hold them for a while. "[149], On July 1213, 1927, following testimony by the defense firearms expert Albert H. Hamilton before the Committee, the Assistant District Attorney for Massachusetts, Dudley P. Ranney, took the opportunity to cross-examine Hamilton. Both left Italy for the US in 1908,[11] although they did not meet until a 1917 strike. [51], The defense case went badly and Vanzetti did not testify in his own defense. Two days after the robbery, police located the robbers' Buick; several 12-gauge shotgun shells were found on the ground nearby. anarchists believed no government and were against the us government . [52] During the trial, he said that his lawyers had opposed putting him on the stand. In response, the controversial[96][97] self-proclaimed "firearms expert" for the defense, Albert H. Hamilton,[96] conducted an in-court demonstration involving two brand new Colt .32-caliber automatic pistols belonging to Hamilton, along with Sacco's .32 Colt of the same make and caliber. Sacco worked as a skilled craftsman at several shoe factories. "[181] On January 3, 1929, as Gov. 37. He stated he had lunched in Boston's North End with several friends, each of whom testified on his behalf. [165] It has been alleged that some of these activities were organized by the Communist Party. when they executed Sacco and Vanzetti on that day. [101] The SJC returned a unanimous ruling on May 12, 1926, upholding Judge Thayer's decisions. In 1927, protests on their behalf were held in every major city in North America and Europe, as well as in Tokyo, Sydney, Melbourne, So Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, Dubai, Montevideo, Johannesburg, and Auckland. One of the defense attorneys, though ultimately very critical of the Committee's work, thought the Committee members were not really capable of the task the Governor set for them: No member of the Committee had the essential sophistication that comes with experience in the trial of criminal cases. The second exhibit is a metal plaque that memorializes the victims of the crime. Jackson bridged the gap between the radicals and the social elite so well that Sacco thanked him a few weeks before his execution: We are one heart, but unfortunately we represent two different class. [31] A search of the kitchen did not locate the gun, but Stewart found (in a kitchen drawer) a manufacturer's technical diagram for a Model 1907 of the exact type of .32 caliber pistol used to shoot Parmenter and Berardelli. [66][74][78] The defense also called two expert witnesses, a Mr. Burns and a Mr. Fitzgerald, who each testified that no new spring and hammer had ever been installed in the revolver found in Vanzetti's possession. 450458, For Vanzetti's complete statement to the court, from which this quotation is excerpted, see, Bortman, p. 60: "An East German scholar researching in the Soviet Union archives in 1958 discovered that the Communist Party had instigated these 'spontaneous demonstrations. [91], The noted American author John Dos Passos joined the committee and wrote its 127-page official review of the case: Facing the Chair: Story of Americanization of Two Foreignborn Workmen. At the time of his arrest, Sacco and his wife, Rosina, had one son, Dante, and were expecting a second child. [203] In 1935, Captain Charles Van Amburgh, a key ballistics witness for the prosecution, wrote a six-part article on the case for a pulp detective magazine. Twice during the last twenty-eight years, Francis Russell has written about Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti for American Heritage. Galleani published Cronaca Sovversiva (Subversive Chronicle), a periodical that advocated violent revolution, and a bomb-making manual called La Salute in voi! [30] While discussing the Braintree robbery, Buda told Poggi, "Sacco c'era" (Sacco was there). Harvard law professor and future Supreme Court justice Felix Frankfurter argued for their innocence in a widely read Atlantic Monthly article that was later published in book form. But you are guilty just the same. [172] On November 26, 1927, Di Giovanni and others bombed a Combinados tobacco shop. A mosaic mural portraying the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti is installed on the main campus of Syracuse University. As Michele Fazio writes in this week's Working-Class Perspectives (new window), while their story is not widely commemorated in the U.S., it reflects tensions around class, race, and politics that still reverberate in . [209] However, Sinclair also expressed in those letters doubts as to whether Moore deserved to be trusted in the first place, and he did not actually assert the innocence of the two in the novel, focusing instead on the argument that the trial they got was not fair. [25], District Attorney Katzmann pointed out that Vanzetti had lied at the time of his arrest, when making statements about the .38 revolver found in his possession. [60] The defense raised only minor objections in an appeal that was not accepted. [118], The Supreme Judicial Court denied the Medeiros appeal on April 5, 1927. William David Sloan and Laird B. Anderson, eds., Philip Cannistraro, "Mussolini, Sacco-Vanzetti, and the Anarchists: The Transatlantic Context," in. At first this brutal murder and robbery, not uncommon in post-World War I America, aroused only local interest. Marion Denman Frankfurter and Gardner Jackson, eds.. Whipple, Charles L., "A Reporter Illuminates Shady Evidence in Sacco-Vanzetti Testimony", Thomas, Jack, "A Story of Trickery Told Much Too Late,". During the 1927 Lowell Commission investigation, however, Braintree's Police Chief admitted that he had torn the cap open upon finding it at the crime scene a full day after the murders. [202] The Thayer court's habit of mistakenly referring to Sacco's .32 Colt pistol as well as any other automatic pistol as a "revolver" (a common custom of the day) has sometimes mystified later-generation researchers attempting to follow the forensic evidence trail. Sacco was found to have an Italian passport, anarchist literature, a loaded .32 Colt Model 1903 automatic pistol, and twenty-three .32 Automatic cartridges in his possession; several of those bullet cases were of the same obsolescent type as the empty Winchester .32 casing found at the crime scene, and others were manufactured by the firms of Peters and Remington, much like other casings found at the scene. Charles Van Amburgh of Springfield Armory and Capt. Finally, in 1939, the language it had proposed was adopted. [21], The Slater-Morrill Shoe Company factory was located on Pearl Street in Braintree, Massachusetts. Sacco and Vanzetti were Italian immigrants who were accused of participating in a robbery and murder in Braintree, Massachusetts, in 1920. [130], In August 1927, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) called for a three-day nationwide walkout to protest the pending executions. [94], Multiple separate motions for a new trial were denied by Judge Thayer. But you had to show the world that you're never wrong. [25][27] Two of the bullets were recovered from Berardelli's body. Settling in Massachusetts, Sacco worked as a shoe factory edge trimmer, while Vanzetti was a fishmonger. Folllowing the Parmenter and Berardelli murders, the chief of police in Bridgewater, Massachusetts, kept. Guthrie non complet mai il progetto, e si ritenne insoddisfatto dal lavoro, sebbene suo figlio Arlo Guthrie, a sua volta cantautore . [36] Sacco and Vanzetti were charged with the crime of murder on May 5, 1920, and indicted four months later on September 14. Proctor signed an affidavit stating that he could not positively identify Sacco's .32 Colt as the only pistol that could have fired Bullet III. R. revolver police took from Vanzetti when they arrested him with Sacco on a Brockton streetcar on May 5, 1920. While a few others singled out Sacco or Vanzetti as the men they had seen at the scene of the crime, far more witnesses, both prosecution and defense, could not identify them. A notorious radical from California, Moore quickly enraged Judge Thayer with his courtroom demeanor, often doffing his jacket and once, his shoes. [113][114] No other newspapers followed suit. They were presented with the task of reviewing the trial to determine whether it had been fair. Harold Laski told Holmes that the Committee's work showed that Lowell's "loyalty to his class transcended his ideas of logic and justice. "The Court has absolutely nothing to do with that question." They spoke little English. Their arrests were announced in anarchist and leftist communities nationally and internationally and protests were immediately planned, one of which led to the US embassy being bombed in Paris. Some testified in imperfect English, others through an interpreter, whose inability to speak the same dialect of Italian as the witnesses hampered his effectiveness. [17], Other Galleanists remained active for three years, 60 of whom waged an intermittent campaign of violence against US politicians, judges, and other federal and local officials, especially those who had supported deportation of alien radicals. "[175], In 1928, Upton Sinclair published his novel Boston, an indictment of the American judicial system. The clerk also remembered the date, April 15, 1920, but he refused to return to the United States to testify (a trip requiring two ship voyages), citing his ill health. I am suffering because I am a radical and indeed I am a radical; I have suffered because I am an Italian and indeed I am an Italian if you could execute me two times, and if I could be reborn two other times, I would live again to do what I have done already. Sacco was next and walked quietly to the electric chair, then shouted "Farewell, mother. [1], Celebrated writers, artists, and academics pleaded for their pardon or for a new trial. Both Sacco and Vanzetti had previously fled to Mexico, changing their names in order to evade draft registration, a fact the prosecutor in their murder trial used to demonstrate their lack of patriotism and which they were not allowed to rebut. Instead he executed a sworn deposition that was read aloud in court and quickly dismissed. The Sacco and Vanzetti case exposed the limits of American freedom because the two men were, as Italian immigrants, not just ethnically but racially marked by the Bostonians and because as anarchists they opposed the very idea of the nation-state. Europe is not "retrying" Sacco and Vanzetti or anything of the sort. Responding to a massive influx of telegrams urging their pardon, Massachusetts governor Alvan T. Fuller appointed a three-man commission to investigate the case. Ehrmann, pp. "[5][162] Vanzetti, in his final moments, shook hands with guards and thanked them for their kind treatment, read a statement proclaiming his innocence, and finally said, "I wish to forgive some people for what they are now doing to me. Both wrote dozens of letters asserting their innocence, insisting they had been framed because they were anarchists. Among the dozen or more violent acts was the bombing of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer's home on June 2, 1919. The house of one of the jurors in the Dedham trial was bombed, throwing him and his family from their beds. [66], After hearing testimony from the repair shop employee that "the repair shop had no record of Berardelli picking up the gun, the gun was not in the shop nor had it been sold", the defense put Vanzetti on the stand where he testified that "he had actually bought the gun several months earlier from fellow anarchist Luigi Falzini for five dollars"in contradiction to what he had told police upon his arrest.
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