There was some resistance, though, from the British settlers who established the United Tanganyikan Party (UTP) by Brian Willis in 1956. It remains to consider the effectiveness of the basic policy of indirect rule, that of ruling through chiefs. The history of Tanganyika from the Maji Maji rebellion of 1905 (the greatest African rebellion against early European rule) to the last years of German administration. From 20 July 1922, it was formalised into a League of Nations mandate under British rule. is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings Inevitably the retrenchment evident in the 1930s became still more severe, and, while prices for primary products soared, the value of money depreciated proportionately. Peterss activities were confirmed by Otto von Bismarck, chancellor of the German Empire. It was left to Germany, with its newly awakened interest in colonial expansion, to open up the country to European influences. Request Permissions, Published By: Social Justice/Global Options. What is indirect rule? Features of Indirect Rule 1. Berman, German Colonialism Revisited: African, Asian, and Oceanic Experiences (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2014) page 114, East African Common Services Organisation, "Faith and Development in Focus, Tanzania", "Tanganyika: The Realities of Independence", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanganyika_Territory&oldid=1152683311, This page was last edited on 1 May 2023, at 17:36. The administration tried to rectify the lack of clerks and minor craftsmen by encouraging the development of schools, an activity in which various missionary societies were already engaged. He reorganized the system of native administration by the Native Authority Ordinance (1926) and the Native Courts Ordinance (1929). Indirect rule is a weaker form of government, because it allows some of the local people under appointment to make decisions regarding the codification of the law. During assimilation, blacks were to meet the following conditions. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. The continuing demand for primary produce strengthened the countrys financial position. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. [16] The influx of refugees was a huge issue for Tanganyika so soon after independence. direct rule. In return, they were promised equal status socially, economically and politically as the other French citizens. The British also pursued an anti-German policy which was led by the head official in Tanganyika, Sir Horace Bryatt. At the end of 1913, the country exported over 20,000 tons of sisal, making up 30% of their total exports. In 1920, Britain was given responsibility for Tanganyika under a League of Nations mandate. The French practised the policy of Assimilation. Meanwhile, after their defeat in armed rebellion, Africans sought power through educational and economic advancement. [1], The name was chosen by the British with the Treaty of Versailles, and as such the name took effect when Britain was given control of Tanganyika in 1920. This created the shortage of critical personnel in the colonies. The economic depression after 1929 resulted in the curtailment of many of Camerons development proposals. At the outbreak of World War II, Tanganyikas main task was to make itself as independent as possible of imported goods. Germans in Tanganyika Used both direct and indirect rule. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Almost at once came a reaction to German methods of administration, the outbreak of the Maji Maji uprising in 1905. Up until the late 1800s, Africans had been moving into a sparsely populated Tanganyika from the west, south and north. Not the least attractive feature of this movement is that perhaps no other system offers better prospects of producing leaders from among the people. The "tribal" system of indirect rule probably created more problems in Njombe District and throughout Tanganyika than it solved. These views encouraged Europeans to exploit the African continent and people. Lugard, who was born in 1858 was a British soldier, colonizer and colonial administrator, who was the British representative on the Permanent Mandates Commission of the League of Nations from 19221936, with considerable influence on British colonial policies. The governor, who was at the top of administration was based at Dar-es- Salaam. Britain retained control of the region after World War II, when it became a United Nations trust territory. Cameron is often credited with fending off the movement for closer union, or federation, with Kenya and Uganda which seemed likely to occur when he arrived in 1925, and which would have allowed Tanganyika to be dominated by the settlers who already controlled the Kenyan state. By 1905, Tanganyika was largely under German rule and about 300 settlers had taken over much of the best land. Constitutionally, the most important immediate postwar development was the British governments decision to place Tanganyika under United Nations trusteeship (1947). A protectorate is a territory that has its own government but is controlled by a foreign power. n) People started adopting new vices like greed, bribery and corruption. These decrees were made by the Minister of Colonies in charge of all French colonies. In the few areas where there was a strong centralized traditional government indirect rule was used. 1996. They forced Africans to grow cash crops like groundnuts, coffee, cotton and palm oil which were then exported to France. Crime and Social Justice (the journals original title) merged with Issues in Criminology in 1976. * Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. Tanganyikas main objective after the war was to ensure that its program for economic recovery and development went ahead. (pp. Print publication year: 1969. Social Justice is a project of Global Options, a tax-exempt educational and research organization. They were allowed to hold their own courts, and to keep part of the tax revenue they collected for use in development projects. [17], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}6S 35E / 6S 35E / -6; 35, League of Nations mandates in the Middle East and Africa, with no. The success of TANU can be seen in the 1958 election under colonial rule where TANU candidates or TANU-supported candidates won every seat. From 1946, it was administered by the UK as a United Nations trust territory. Recognizing the administrative inability of the German East Africa Company, which had theretofore ruled the country, the German government in 1891 declared a protectorate over its sphere of influence and over the coastal strip, where the company had bought out the sultans rights. How did Britain use indirect rule in Africa? What is the difference between direct and indirect rule in Africa? What are the benefits of indirect rule versus direct rule? > FA *+@IZu1t JFIF C In the mid-20th century, Tanganyika was the largest producer of beeswax in the world. During German rule in Tanganyika they used direct rule system thus faced a lot of resistances from Tanganyika societies such as Hehe resistance, Yao and Chagga resistance. The government then decided to encourage local people to grow cotton. The scramble caused strong rivalry amongst the different European nations. c) Foreign culture was imposed on Africans without regard for their own culture. viiiix). We shall say that a. John Iliffe. @ n ? " Lugard himself argued this position, in the foreword to C. F. Stricklands book Co-operation for Africa, already referred to in Chapter 8: The fundamental principle of the [co-operative] system is identical with that of Indirect Rulewhich could be better named Cooperative Rulethe essential aim of both being to teach personal responsibility and initiative (Lugard 1933: vii). He has drawn on a wide range of sources, both in East Africa and Germany. j) It brought manufactured goods some of which could not be produced locally. There were, in large areas of the country, many small chiefdoms which, at times, in the past had paid tribute to overlords such as Mirambo or Mkwawa, but also claimed an independence of their own, and had broken free during the German conquest and rinderpest outbreaks of the 1890s. It became a republic a year later. direct and indirect impacts on r esource control and access. In these circumstances the Africans reverted to their old social systems and their old form of subsistence farming. 2. Colonial administration in Kenya used Direct Rule. From the viewpoint of British Indirect Rule policy, the maintenance in power of the largely ineffective bakama [the ruling clan of the Haya, the tribe on the west of Lake Victoria] could only be regarded as a sham. The Africans in Mozambique protested against the Portuguese. o) In most colonies, there was no sense of democracy, justice or equality. and This changing outlook constitutes in my view one of the major problems of Africa today. Perhaps the two traits which have impressed me as those most characteristic of the African native are his lack of apprehension and inability to visualise the future, and the steadfastness of his loyalty and affection. Tanganyika now forms part of the modern-day sovereign state of Tanzania. The British in the colony had a Legislative Council (LegCo) which was established in 1906 and made all the laws that governed the colony. The German colonial administration instituted an educational programme for native Africans, including elementary, secondary, and vocational schools. The next month, however, he resigned from this position in order to devote his time to writing and to synthesizing his views of government and of African unity; he was succeeded by Rashidi Kawawa. the name given to the system of governing Northern Ireland during the suspension of the Stormont Parliament from March 1972 until 1999. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. W. Morris-Hale, British Administration in Tanganyika from 1920 to 1945 (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Geneva, 1969), p. 284. In 1927, in response to settler pressure, he attempted to limit the growing of coffee by Africans. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. $.' 1989] 294 leaves. A significant difference between assimilation and indirect rule was that the indigenous education system was better maintained under indirect rule. The island of Zanzibar was even taken as a part of the Sultanate of Oman, when Seyyid Said came to power in 1806, Omani interests in Tanzania began to increase. In the hinterland they used indirect rule, They divided Tanganyika into Provinces and 22 districts. What is the difference between direct and indirect rule? d d @ @@ `` L &. Then, the deputy undersecretary to the Colonial Secretary proposed "Tanganyika Protectorate" after Lake Tanganyika; the name was modified after a "junior official suggested that 'Territory' was more in accordance with the [League of Nations mandate]" and that was adopted. Similarly, liberal labour legislation had not been properly implemented. It presents divergent viewpoints in a readable fashion for concerned citizens with an interest in current affairs, while including ample notes and references to satisfy the academic reader. Sir Donald Cameron, Governor of Tanganyika from 192531, has reflected on his policy of indirect rule as a practical way to "administer the people through the instrument of their own indigenous institutions." In this respect the claim of the African intelligentsia is very weak (p. They regarded them to be overseas in France and there was, therefore, no way, according to them, that the colonies would attain self- government. They undermined the Muslim cultures, for example the German administrators would enter the mosques with dogs, moreover during the holy month of Ramadan. In contrast, Cameron advocated a deliberate policy of divide and rule: he foresaw a time when the educated native would seek to gain possession of the machinery of Government and run it on Western lines, but his answer to this was to aim at indirect administration through the appropriate Native AuthorityChief or Council; in this way he could claim that he was administering the country through the people, while at the same time hoping that he would have the Native Administration on our side rather than on the side of those who desire to destroy them (i.e. The Germans brutally repressed the Maji Maji Rebellion of 1905. Foreign companies realized that if they paid good salaries and improved working conditions of their workers, then they would make them happy, and they would work better. The UK held Tanganyika as a League of Nations mandate until the end of World War II after which it was held as a United Nations trust territory. It was, however, to be twenty years before the possibilities, opened up by this alliance, were recognized. Islam has continued to be a major religion within the area, with 36% of Tanzanian population adhering to Islam. Lugard expected the co-operatives in Africa to avoid politics: It will go far to disarm misgivings and assure support for the co-operative movement that Mr. Strickland is able to tell us that in no country whateverwith the exception of Great Britainhas this movement taken part in politics or agitation. England, the major partner, has never had self-government and, just like Tanganyika (whose name has been superseded by Tanzania with the addition of the qualifier mainland under the present government system) its affairs are governed by the union government. The most senior African, Martin Kayamba, whose story is told in the next chapter, was by any standards a remarkable man. German colonists entered the area in the 1880s, and in 1891 the Germans declared the region a protectorate as part of German East Africa. For example, it was used by Germans in Tanganyika where they either employed their pure Europeans or imported other mixed cultures of Jumbes and Akidas in Tanganyika. (See Tanzania.). (p. x). The first agent of German imperialism was Carl Peters, who, with Count Joachim von Pfeil and Karl Juhlke, evaded the sultan of Zanzibar late in 1884 to land on the mainland and made a number of contracts in the Usambara area by which several chiefs were said to have surrendered their territory to him. [9], The British colony of Tanganyika gained independence on 9 December 1961, with Julius Nyerere becoming first, its prime minister in 1960 under British rule, and then president when Tanganyika was declared a republic in 1962. 1929: 70.). It was applied in Namibia, Tanganyika, Togo etc. [London? Direct rule is a system of governmental rule in which the central authority has power over the country. Usage data cannot currently be displayed. (Lugard, 4th edn. We can see this process at work by examining Camerons attitude to the various problems with which he dealt. Written in the light of current reappraisal of African history, the book gives valuable insight into African initiatives during the early years of European rule. Why was indirect rule not always used? c) Colonial governments introduced modern methods of communication. 3099067 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG 2023 Informa UK Limited, Registered in England & Wales No. Nellis 1972: 18696). A more liberal form of administration rapidly replaced the previous semimilitary system. Other punishments included imprisonment, and in extreme cases, offenders were shot dead. after 26 years of direct rule from the central government (Laffin and Thomas, 1999). The plan, which was to be financed by the British government, was to cost 25 million, and, in addition, a further 4.5 million would be required for the construction of a railway in southern Tanganyika. The goal of indirect rule was to develop future leaders, while the goal of direct rule was assimilation, or integration of the native population into European culture and traditions. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Social Justice is a quarterly journal that was founded in 1974. Cooperation expanded with those protectorates and, later, countries in a number of ways, leading to the establishment of the East African High Commission (19481961) and the East African Common Services Organisation (19611967), forerunners of the East African Community. Mhlhahn, and Nina. The colony was divided into smaller units and a local leader appointed to rule on behalf of the colonial power. In 1896 work began on the construction of a railway running northeastward from Tanga to Moshi, which it reached in 1912. It was not until the Victoria Federation of Co-operative Unions was accepted in 1952 that the penny dropped. By engaging in such work he will no longer deprive the countryside of the mediation which he might provide between the old dispensation and the new (pp. In some areas, Islam became adopted by the native peoples such as the Yao in the south of the country. "Kilimanjaro", analogous to "Kenya," named after the country's highest mountain, and "Tabora", after the town and trading centre near the geographical centre of the country, were proposed and rejected. Direct rule provides for greater control, because a central authority makes all of the laws for another country, state or province. He therefore was surprised by the British governments reluctance to permit settlement in Tanganyika. These companies also taxed the Africans in the form of rubber, ivory, food or cash. The first two African members had been nominated to the Legislative Council in December 1945. Executive power was exercised by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, and laws on matters with which the Stormont Parliament could deal were made by Orders in Council. Many of them were employed from the Indian administration to work for the Tanganyikan administration. After the First World War in 1918 significant changes were made. Sir Donald Cameron, Governor from 1925-1931, was influenced by Lord Frederick Lugard, the ideologist of 'indirect rule', administration by chiefs approved by the colonial government. [10] In 1963, TANU opened its doors to all members of society within Tanganyika, whereas it had previously only been open to Africans.[11]. This meant that the African people were to assimilate or absorb the French culture. Britain retained control of the region after World War II, when it became a United Nations trust territory. Nganang, Alain Patrice., Klaus. The imperial government had attempted to protect African land rights in 1895 but had failed in its objective in the Kilimanjaro area. the educated).5. ",#(7),01444'9=82. On December 9, 1962, Tanganyika adopted a republican constitution, and Nyerere became executive president of the country. They felt that to be more developed; they wanted to protect the rest of the world from harmful practices. Online publication date: August 2010. Colonial administration used this method to rule people in colonies. Indirect Control (aka Proxy Control) is anything that has contact with your opponent through a piece of equipment or their Gi (i.e. This was pointed out by the Permanent Mandates Commission, but the British made no effort to change the policy (Leubuscher 1944). His attitude toward European settlers was determined by their potential contribution to the countrys economy. From 20 July 1922, it was formalised into a League of Nations mandate under British rule. As Britain took control of the Gold Coast they dominated trade, introduced new techniques, grew new crops, and demand control of other areas. In the aftermath of rebellion an imaginative Governor, Freiherr von rechenberg, initiated a programme of African cash-crop agriculture. [8], The British state took control of the colony of Tanganyika as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. Cited by 56. As a result of this, Africans had to work very hard to ensure that they paid their taxes on time. f) Many Africans were forced to live in crowded areas and were never able to. Although there was little organization behind it, the uprising spread over a considerable portion of southeastern Tanganyika and was not finally suppressed until 1907. And he also insisted on close government control in the form of a Registrar with the power to set up societies and if need be to liquidate any which do not obey the rules. Likewise, the Germans in Tanganyika used direct rule as their system of administration. On the contrary, the local people had many grievances against their rule. [4], In the second half of the 19th century, European explorers and colonialists travelled through the African interior from Zanzibar. This led to the loss of the African culture. However, two of the main factors that burdened Tanganyikas independence was its geography and its surrounding neighbours. It involved the comprehensive sway of market institutions: the appropriation of land, destruction . Colonial administration in Kenya used Direct Rule. The most important of which was the Central Line or Mittellandbahn, which connected much of the country towards the port city of Dar es Salam. Sir Donald Cameron, Governor from 19251931, was influenced by Lord Frederick Lugard, the ideologist of indirect rule, administration by chiefs approved by the colonial government. No new co-operatives were accepted during Camerons six years in Tanganyika. But there was another possibility, and this was an alliance with the educated, in some suitable institutional form. j) People from the same traditional communities were divided and placed in different countries or colonies. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/place/Tanganyika. Why Do Cross Country Runners Have Skinny Legs? By mid-century the older and newer populations had settled down into recognisable tribal polities, each with its own social and political organisation, language, and customs, but also having similarities based on mutual contact and observation, intermarriage and the mutually . 801) about Europeanised Africansthe educated who he claimed were more cut off from their people than the colonialists: advancement in self-government must depend on the extent to which the educated class is in sympathy with, and capable of representing, the illiterate sections of the people. HOW THE GERMANS APPLIED DIRECT RULE IN TANGANYIKA The Germans made use of the Akidas and Jumbes. All work unless implicitly stated is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Forster, et al. The Germans then decided to force the people to grow crops. [9], British rule did have positives for the Asian community living in Tanganyika, as they were protected by the Britain as they were no longer attacked as they were during the war. The British rule in Kenya started in 1888 when the IBEA Company obtained a Royal Charter to establish colonial administration in the East African region. 1 reel of microfilm (negative.) 3099067. Its early focus on crime, police repression, social control, and the penal system has expanded to encompass globalization, human and civil rights, border, citizenship, and immigration issues, environmental victims and health and safety concerns, social policies affecting welfare and education, ethnic and gender relations, and persistent global inequalities. Most of the power in the colonies was based in France and there was a very little delegation of power within the colony. It failed because of the lack of adequate preliminary investigations and was subsequently carried out on a greatly reduced scale. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Click here to navigate to parent product. It had limited self-rule. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. On the surface, the mandate was clearly intended to be temporaryfor peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world1and the country was to be developed and governed in the interests of its African inhabitants. What is the meaning of direct and indirect rule? Improved quality of life for citizens: Ultimately, the potential advantages of a union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar could lead to improved quality of life for the people of both countries. Blockaded by the British navy, the country could neither export produce nor get help from Germany. This led to the Asian population in Tanganyika increasing from 8,698 in 1912 to 25,144 in 1931. They wanted to protect their citizens operating on the continent as explorers, missionaries, and traders. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Registered in England & Wales No. Most of the power in the colonies was based in France and there was a very little delegation of power within the colony. In 1964, after the Zanzibar Revolution which saw the Arab rule of Zanzibar overthrown, Tanganyika merged with Zanzibar to become the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which later became known as the United Republic of Tanzania on 26 April 1964. Portugal also used it in Mozambique and Angola in the employment of "Degradados" . In any case the amount of real power held by the chiefs was never greatthe expatriate Provincial Commissioners and District Commissioners were always at their side. There are a number of excellent overviews that focus on different aspects of German colonialism. [5][6][pageneeded]. The "tribal" system of indirect rule probably created more problems in Njombe District and throughout Tanganyika than it solved. The first elections to the unofficial side of the council (in 1958 and 1959), however, enabled TANU to show its strength, for even among the European and Asian candidates, only those supported by TANU were elected. A constitutional committee in 1959 unanimously recommended that after the elections in 1960 a large majority of the members of both sides of the council be Africans and that elected members form the basis of the government. to preserve African political institutions. The illiterate and very conservative agricultural majority is apt to regard with some distrust the trousered and Europeanized African as a townsman ignorant of the things that matter most. Select 7 - The collapse of the local compromise, Find out more about saving to your Kindle, Book DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511759635. In 1961, Tanganyika gained its independence from the UK as Tanganyika. As Sir Donald Cameron, governor of Tanganyika, wrote soon after arriving at his post, "It is our duty to do everything in our power to develop the . . For example, TANU, discussed and promoted fears that the colonial state had attempted to give a disproportionate amount of power to the European and Asian minority groups living within Tanganyika. You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches". It is made quite clear that Indirect Rule is a means and not an end ; that it is an educative process whereby the Africans may learn the art of government through experience in managing their own. The Germans used direct rule in order to maximumly exploit the resources of Tanganyika. To save content items to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org This was welcomed by the small political class of Tanganyika as an object . [12], Tanganyika eventually gained its independence on 9 December 1961,[13] after Nyerere had met a British government representative to arrange the steps to be taken on the road to independence. What is the difference between indirect rule and assimilation? Issues affecting colonies were never discussed in the National Assembly in Paris. The Colonial Secretary insisted that "a native name prominently associated with the territory" be selected. INDIRECT RULE District Officers. In 1908, the Belgian government took over the administration of the Congo Free State and it became a Belgian colony. @free.kindle.com emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. The country held its first elections in 1958 and 1959. German rule in Tanganyika always had a strong military flavor, and was based on the permanent presence of German-led African forces. [7] To ensure that these resources could be moved easily, several railways were built. During the partition of Africa, King Leopold II of Belgium acquired Congo and renamed it the Congo Free State. The following year it was granted internal self-government and fresh elections were held. The British were therefore forced to use local people, leading to the adoption of Indirect Rule. Owning a colony in Africa was a source of pride and prestige. No decisions were made unless the right channels were followed, and in many cases, the feelings and views of African subjects were not taken into account. k) It introduced modern machines which are now used in agriculture and industries. Stoecker 1987 represents the former GDR school of studying German imperialism. Oliver, Roland This would have undermined the entire basis of Tanganyika independence. l) Taxes broke down the traditional way of life as young people moved away from home to look for jobs on farms in order to earn money. This made them very unpopular. In northern Nigeria and in Buganda there were long-established and powerful chieftainships. " direct" style of rule features highly centralized decision making while.
