at seedling stage. Plant Mol. It is sometimes available canned or bottled, which may contain added sugars, so its good to check the nutritional information if youre buying a ready-made product, to be sure youre not consuming more sugar or calories than you expected and that youre still reaping the benefits of vitamins and minerals that can be a part of chrysanthemum tea. Roxas, N. J., Tashiro, Y., Miyazaki, S., Isshiki, S. & Takeshita, A. Meiosis and pollen fertility in Higo chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Genet. HortScience 49, 16001604 (2014). Im no expert or. Plant Biol. & Crouch, J. H. Marker-assisted selection in plant breeding: from publications to practice. Chrysanthemum tea is made from the mum plant and has been consumed for centuries for its health-promoting properties. BMC Genom. It can also have a more subtle flavor the more times you refill the teapot with hot water. Y.L. Garden chrysanthemum has been cultivated for more than 1,600 years. As it grows in popularly, chrysanthemum tea is being evaluated by researchers for its antioxidant activity. Article Sci. Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci underlying flowering time in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium). The types of metabolites vary among different species, and even different genotypes of a certain species may exhibit a wide range of these substances160. Made from the golden flowers of this plant, this is a tea with a long history in traditional medicine. Flowers produce various particular metabolites, such as fragrant volatiles, to attract pollinators, initiate or inhibit signaling cascades, and protect against herbivores or pathogens159. Res. In particular, inflammation is a huge culprit of a lot of the standard ailments I deal with in my day-to-dayranging from minor annoyance to full-on conditions that take me out of the game for a few days. The research identified 250 differentially expressed proteins, 43 of which were involved in photosynthesis, metabolic processes, oxidation-reduction processes, and transport. Crop Sci. Biosci. Sun, G. MicroRNAs and their diverse functions in plants. Due to its herbal benefits, chrysanthemum tea is widely consumed. Slider with three articles shown per slide. And research on chrysanthemum essential oils indicate that inhalation can reduce blood pressure and heart rate. Su et al.99 transferred a major SNP locus that cosegregated with waterlogging tolerance in chrysanthemum into a superior PCR-based derived cleaved amplified polymorphism sequence (dCAPS) marker with a moderately high accuracy of 78.9%, which was then verified in 52 cultivars or progeny. PubMed Enjoy a nice pot of chrysanthemum tea today! First, the horticultural industry is paying attention to improved safety of products and environmental protection. First, they need to be cleaned thoroughly and dried for several days. Mol. Chrysanthemum flowers come in many varieties, but the one we offer is a particular varietal called Royal Chrysanthemum as it was specifically gifted to the Royal family at the time. 95, 2634 (2015). There is not enough evidence to know that consumingchrysanthemumover the long term is safe. Su, J. et al. Based on SNPs and this assumption, Van Geest et al.92 published the first integrated ultradense linkage map of a biparental population, including 406 hexaploid individuals, using polymapR, which was developed for the genetic linkage analysis of outcrossing autopolyploids, i.e., triploids, tetraploids, and hexaploids, based on marker dosage. 99, 407420 (2019). belongs to the Asteraceae family and is one of the most economically important and favored floricultural crops, ranking second in the cut flower trade after rose1. Biol. Chrysanthemum tea/infusion is made by infusing boiling hot water with the whole flower, which releases a wide variety of . These edible flowers are often used as a garden decoration and natural pest control, but they also have culinary applications., Yellow or white chrysanthemum flowers can be boiled to make an herbal tea with a range of health benefits. Identification of differentially expressed genes in Chrysanthemum nankingense (Asteraceae) under heat stress by RNA Seq. 9, 95 (2018). Trends Biotechnol. Chrysanthemum teas are usually used as a preventative measure. 20 Count (Pack of 1) 12 $2299 ($1.15/Count) Save $5.00 with coupon FREE delivery Wed, Apr 19 on $25 of items shipped by Amazon breeding programs have been selecting for reduced expression of self-incompatibility (via pseudo-self-compatibility) to create inbred families with selected genotypes to serve as parents for F 1 hybrid chrysanthemum seed production. Microbiol. Chrysanthemums are flowering plants native to East Asia. A MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) complex was found to tightly regulate flavonoid biosynthesis along with flower development. 7. Factors such as brands purchased, natural variations in fresh ingredients, etc. Sci. Chrysanthemum. Zhu, Z. et al. 19, 1455 (2018). & Ono, M. Alteration of flower colour in Ipomoea nil through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4. The de novo assembly of large genomes with large numbers of repetitive sequences and a high degree of heterozygosity based on second-generation sequencing platforms remains a challenge due to insufficient read length115. Plant Mol. Biotechnological advancements for improving floral attributes in ornamental plants. CmWRKY15 facilitates Alternaria tenuissima infection of chrysanthemum. Several attempts have been made to use emerging molecular and omics methods with the aim of accelerating the breeding of chrysanthemum. Generally, herbal products are a concern for pregnant women, and experienced herbalists advise pregnant women to consult their doctor before using herbal products. The introduction of phenomics offers the possibility of revealing the genetic mechanisms underlying some previously intractable scientific problems in detail by using recently developed advanced sensors, cameras, computers, robotics, and machine vision and image analysis tools177. Plant Physiol. Environ. Wang, F. et al. Chrysanthemum tea is a flower-based infusion beverage made from chrysanthemum flowers of the species Chrysanthemum morifolium or Chrysanthemum indicum, which are popular in East Asia and China.. Heredity 7, 5972 (1953). 9 (Academic Press, 2018). Su, J. et al. Zhang, F. et al. CAS Physiological controls of chrysanthemum DgD27 gene expression in regulation of shoot branching. Genom. Sci. 26, 601645 (Springer, Dordrecht, 2004). In the case of chrysanthemum, GWASs have been used to explore inheritance patterns and identify favorable alleles for several ornamental characteristics and resistance traits, including plant architecture traits and inflorescence traits95, waterlogging tolerance96, aphid resistance97, and drought tolerance98, based on 707 conventional gel-based SRAP, start codon-targeted (SCoT), and SSR marker loci. Sci. 23, 740742 (2005). Rep. 6, 19427 (2016). Nat. Plant Sci. PubMed J. Mol. 61, 365381 (2006). BMC Genom. 125, 422428 (2010). Chrysanthemum tea contains a high content of anthocyanins, which are known as powerful antioxidants. Several publications have shown the usefulness of NGS technologies for revealing microorganisms that live in association with plants174,175. Wei, Q. et al. Transgenic Res. Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) Afr. More research is needed to see if chrysanthemum tea can positively affect blood sugar levels and even precancerous gastric mucosal lesions. 237, 17 (2015). Reduces heat in the body . CAS Rev. Chrysanthemum tea is said to have a host of health benefits, and it has definitely become my go-to when Im feeling under the weather. Just make sure to use a tea strainer or tea bag to keep the flower petals from getting into your cup! To overcome these hurdles, a large population should be used in future studies to trace recombination events. Rep. 13, 6372 (2019). Microb. 5, 37 (2018). Hence, chrysanthemums are also used in the medical, food, and beverage industries. ARMS offers infertility treatments including IVF, IUI, ICSI, egg donation, egg freezing, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis and fertility preservation. The root system is the main organ through which plants absorb water and nutrients. Plant Cell Tiss. 6, 244 (2015). Inheritance and molecular markers for aphid (Macrosiphoniella sanbourni) resistance in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.). Biol. A SNP-enabled assessment of genetic diversity, evolutionary relationships and the identification of candidate genes in chrysanthemum. Furthermore, six candidate genes harboring seven of the 97 associated SNPs were predicted by aligning the SLAF sequences to the chrysanthemum transcriptome database. Wang, K. et al. After 20 mins add rock sugar. Cha Wu-[A] Chrysanthemum Tea,3.5oz/100g,HangZhou Tai Ju,White Chrysanthemum Bud,Chinese Herbel Tea,Flower Tea. A popular summertime drink in China, the tea has been used in Chinese medicine to treat a variety of conditions. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of the dihydroflavonol-4-reductase-B (DFR-B) locus in the Japanese morning glory Ipomoea (Pharbitis) nil. The modern horticultural industry is beginning to take safe production seriously; although no food safety problems are associated with transgenic ornamentals, they may impact the environment, and transgenic technology is strictly limited, and thus, difficult to exploit by breeders in many countries55. 11 (eds Van Huylenbroeck, J.) 41, 133146 (2019). Molecules 20, 53465359 (2015). & Liu, Y. CRISPR/Cas9 platforms for genome editing in plants: developments and applications. You can continue to add water to the tea for 2-3 more batches of tea. Breed. Sin. These studies identified molecular markers associated with the selected characters, preliminarily screened excellent progeny, and provided important basic genetic resources for chrysanthemum-breeding programs. Adv. Plant Sci. Azadi, P., Bagheri, H., Nalousi, A. M., Nazari, F. & Chandler, S. F. Current status and biotechnological advances in genetic engineering of ornamental plants. found that partial preferential chromosome pairing is genotype dependent in tetraploid rose and confirmed the inferred differences in pairing behavior between chromosomes by examining repulsion-phase linkage estimates90. Biochem. 71, 1931 (2000). BMC Genom. Plant Biotechnol. Recently, the genome sequences of several Asteraceae species, including Cynara scolymus L. (2n=2x=34; 1.08Gb)117, Helianthus annuus L. (2n=2x=34; 3.6Gb)118, Lactuca sativa L. (2n=2x=18; 2.38Gb)119, and Artemisia annua (2n=2x=18; 1.74Gb)120, have been revealed due to advances in sequencing technologies. Sci. Tang, H. Genetic analysis for inflorescence traits and construction of corresponding quantitative trait loci in anemone type chrysanthemum. 7, 1633 (2016). High quality chrysanthemum tea packs will be available for $12. Comparative evaluation of cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium flowers by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS analysis and antiallergic assay. The constitutive expression of a chrysanthemum ERF transcription factor influences flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana. Metab. Genetic variation and association mapping of aphid (Macrosiphoniella sanbourni) resistance in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.). Lu, J. et al. This research is a critical step forward for linkage analysis in chrysanthemum. 87, 613618 (2012). Like other teas, it has been looked to as a remedy for sore throats and other flu-like symptoms. The petal is pure and white, and the stalk is dark green. Plants 4, 473484 (2018). Genet. Despite the restrictions discussed in this article, the combination of modern breeding strategies with conventional methods would clearly be a superior approach for improving major horticultural characteristics, incorporating multiple characters into a single cultivar and expanding the usage of chrysanthemum in the floriculture industry. Chrysanthemum is a flowering plant. The advantage of mutation breeding is that the high heterozygosity of chrysanthemum can increase the apparent mutation rate and produce many excellent mutation types in a short period of time. 37, 10161030 (2018). However, it is not known to what extent inbreeding is affecting fertility . It has a slightly sweet, floral taste, which has been likened to chamomile tea. The study of plant microbiomes depends on both laboratory culture techniques and species identification based on PCR amplification followed by sequencing, microarray analysis, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) analysis, or various electrophoretic procedures, including denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and temperaturegradientgelelectrophoresis (TGGE)168. J. Exp. This pleasant, aromatic tea is made from the flowers of the chrysanthemum plant, and its been used in Chinese medicine to treat a range of conditions, from migraines to hypertension and throat inflammation. Dowrick, G. J. But. Starting with one or two cups per week will help you determine how drinking chrysanthemum tea will affect you.. Normally, mutations occur spontaneously, although they can be induced by physical and chemical methods. The analysis concluded that the flavonoids acacetin, apigenin, and luteolin were primary compounds in chrysanthemum and may be potent biological antimutagens that are useful as cancer chemopreventive agents. To overcome these disadvantages, a large mutant population, large field trials, extensive labor, and an appropriate genotype are required to obtain a promising mutant. While chrysanthemum tea has worked wonders for me, my mom always warns me against drinking too much of it, as *apparently* otherwise my inner Qi will become too cool. Zhang, L., Wang, L., Shi, Z., Li, P. & Li, H. A metabolomic strategy based on integrating headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to differentiate the five cultivars of Chrysanthemum flower. Chrysanthemum tea . Mums may remind you of autumn gardens, but did you know that chrysanthemum tea has been consumed in Asia for hundreds of years? Mao, Y. et al. 8, 829 (2017). and L.D. Yu, C. et al. 2. More intensive research on periclinal chimerism is needed in the future. Combining ability, heterosis, genetic distance and their intercorrelations for waterlogging tolerance traits in chrysanthemum. 129, 400406 (2010). The emerging oilseed crop Sesamum indicum enters the Omics era. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. It is said that this tea actually protects the liver. van Geest et al.163 were able to show metabolic profile differences under carbohydrate starvation using NMR spectroscopy and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC), revealing that the camphor, phenylpropanoid, and flavonoid contents of the plants were responsible for the genotype-specific profiles, but the carbohydrate contents could not explain all the variation in degreening sensitivity. Hortic. A 2019 study published in Food Research International found that chrysanthemum flower has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Efficient de novo assembly of highly heterozygous genomes from whole-genome shotgun short reads. 32, 2152 (2013). Am. We hope you give chrysanthemum tea a try! Chrysanthemum CmHSFA4 gene positively regulates salt stress tolerance in transgenic chrysanthemum. The chrysanthemum is the flower of the city, and it has been 35 years since the first festival was held in 1983. Chlorophyll accumulation is the main determinant of the green flower color, and the chlorophyll content decreases as petal development progresses144. 3, 16052 (2016). Boil water and let it sit for one minute or until its about 100 degrees Fahrenheit. The construction of permanent populations such as doubled haploids (DHs), near-isogenic lines (NILs), or recombinant inbred lines (RILs) in heterozygous chrysanthemum is not possible, making the genetic dissection and fine mapping of traits difficult. Article It also drains away from the excess water in the body and offers a toned look. However, the reported linkage maps are not integrated and are mainly based on traditional gel-based SRAP, RAPD, ISSR, AFLP, and SSR markers, which present a low density and are difficult to transfer between laboratories. In Chinese medicine, inflammation is associated with being too hot or having too much heat in terms of your bodys overall physical balance. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Therefore, secondary metabolites are important targets for breeding programs, and their biosynthetic pathways are a topic of study. Moreover, several public data repositories now make it possible to exchange transcriptome data among research communities. Currently, advanced high-throughput genotyping technology offers an opportunity to develop large-scale sequenced SNP markers and construct high-density genetic maps in ornamentals such as sunflower85 and the Chinese endemic Dendrobium86. By the eleventh century, there were 36 cultivars of mums in China. Flower color is determined by several metabolites including anthocyanins, carotenoids, and chlorophylls and influences the commercial value of chrysanthemum cultivars141. Bras. Sci. The generation of the full-genome sequences of the two diploid Chrysanthemum species is expected to contribute to the identification of genes of interest and the future genome assembly of cultivated chrysanthemum. An effective multicomponent quantification fingerprinting method combining HPLC, DAD, and ESI tandem/MS (HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS) was established and shown to simultaneously determine several caffeoylquinic acid derivatives and flavonoids in chrysanthemum cultivars161. SNPs can also be converted to other available markers, such as high-resolution melting (HRM)102 and kompetitive allele-specific (KASP)103 markers, and be used for amplicon sequencing104 in polyploid plants. Song, C. et al. Klie, M., Menz, I., Linde, M. & Debener, T. Strigolactone pathway genes and plant architecture: association analysis and QTL detection for horticultural traits in chrysanthemum. Let the tea steep for three to five minutes and enjoy plain or with light sweeteners like a bit of sugar or honey, to taste. Generally, linkage maps in chrysanthemum are most efficiently constructed according to the double pseudotestcross mapping strategy in an F1 population. 34, 10731090 (2016). It is possible to experience certain side effects if you consumechrysanthemum or handle it to prepare your tea. Chrysanthemum tea is described as a danger for pregnant women on multiple levels, which range from the specific ingredients to issues that involve the broader category of herbal products. . 97, 91100 (2019). Chrysanthemums may have anti-obesity effects, too. & Gruissem, W. Proteomics of model and crop plant species: status, current limitations and strategic advances for crop improvement. She retrieves a couple of glass tumblers, gives the pot another good stir and . As observed for most crop species, the production of chrysanthemum is decreasing dramatically because of serious obstacles to continuous cropping. 3, 187 (2015). Subsequently, iTRAQ was successfully applied in proteomic studies of embryo abortion152,153 and pollen abortion in chrysanthemum154. Integration of these omics data with phenotypic information will enable the identification of genes/pathways responsible for important traits. Li, H. et al. Dynamic and epistatic QTL mapping reveals the complex genetic architecture of waterlogging tolerance in chrysanthemum. The chrysanthemum leaf and root transcript profiling in response to salinity stress. Based on the assembled genome, a total of 71,057 protein-coding genes were recovered, and a CEN-like gene potentially related to flowering was newly identified. Chrysanthemum tea has long been used as a natural energy booster. Wang, J. et al. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Chrysanthemum tea is an infusion drink prepared by pouring hot water over dried chrysanthemum flowers. Phone: (480) 831-2445. Plant Sci. In addition to these potential benefits, centuries of anecdotal reports suggest that chrysanthemum tea may also: You can make your own organic chrysanthemum tea with flowers youve grown yourself or blooms youve purchased. Article J. J. Mol. U.S. Food and Drug Administration: Dietary Supplements, The Tea Association of the U.S.A: State of the Industry, American Pregnancy Organization: Herbs and Pregnancy, University of Maryland Medical Center: Medicines and Herbal Remedies During Pregnancy. Symptoms of liver qi stagnation's insomnia include disrupted sleep, tendency to wake up in the middle of the night especially between 1-3am, having trouble falling asleep, having many dreams in the night. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) are another effective approach for connecting phenotypes with genotypes in plants when information on population structure and linkage disequilibrium is available93. Fried foods(Fried wontons, anyone? This reveals the potential therapeutic role of mums in bone-related disorders. "Infertility diagnosis and treatment is what we do. These combinations are also often touted as treating a range of serious conditions. Yue et al.145 performed a transcriptome analysis of Chuju chrysanthemum, a well-known medicinal species. Zhang, F., Jiang, J., Chen, S., Chen, F. & Fang, W. Mapping single-locus and epistatic quantitative trait loci for plant architectural traits in chrysanthemum. To identify and evaluate the tea infusion made with a -irradiated mutant chrysanthemum cultivar with dark purple petals (cv. While many hear butter and beef and immediately think of heart attacks Potassium is an important electrolyte and the third most abundant mineral in 6 Anti-Inflammatory Teas to Begin Drinking Today, Daniel Fast: Benefits for Your Spiritual, Emotional and Physical Health, 15 Fermented Foods for a Healthy Gut and Overall Health, 9 Proven Black Seed Oil Benefits that Boost Your Health, L-Glutamine Benefits Leaky Gut & Metabolism, Chia Seeds Benefits: The Omega-3, Protein-Packed Superfood, Apple Cider Vinegar Benefits for Weight Loss, Skin Health, Cholesterol & More, Plant-Based Diet: Disease-Protective + Promotes Major Weight Loss, The Potential Benefits & Drawbacks of Tobiko (Plus Healthy Alternatives), CLA (Conjugated Linoleic Acid) Boosts Fat Loss & the Immune System, You Probably Have Low Potassium Start Eating These 15 Foods. 64, 161168 (1995). Yuanyang Tea (Hong Kong Style Tea and Coffee). White Snow improved its salt and drought tolerance44. 3 Biotech 8, 19 (2018). Google Scholar. Chong et al.100 developed two dCAPS markers correlated with flowering time and capitulum diameter in chrysanthemum. Xie, Y. et al. & van Geest, G. in Ornamental Crops, Vol. As a result, many DEGs associated with signal transduction, the biofilm system, the antioxidant system, and the osmotic regulation system, such as MAPK, ACOT, SOD, CAT, PMP, and P5CR, were identified. Although earlier cytological studies revealed polysomic inheritance in chrysanthemum, cultivated chrysanthemums have long been assumed to exhibit disomic inheritance because of their presumed multispecies origin and the occurrence of bivalent chromosomal pairing72,73. In addition, the expansion of gene families by duplication events may lead directly to variation in the ornamental and medicinal characteristics of chrysanthemum. Google Scholar. Therefore, developing specific software to improve the capacity to recognize different metabolites and combining the identified metabolites with genetic studies whose results can be utilized in actual chrysanthemum-breeding programs are the main challenges faced by researchers in related fields. 3, 16058 (2016). In view of the respective advantages and bottlenecks of these breeding strategies, as discussed above, we propose a comprehensive chrysanthemum-breeding scheme, which is shown in Fig. When people see me drinking chrysanthemum tea and ask me what what it tastes like, suffice it to say that it tastes just how you think it would taste: like dried flowers. PubMed Central Chem. Transcriptome analysis of chrysanthemum in responses to white rust. Plant Sci. Conclusive evidence for hexasomic inheritance in chrysanthemum based on analysis of a 183 k SNP array. If you are human, leave this field blank. Xu, Y. Biol. & Zheng, J. Transcriptome profiling using Illumina-and SMRT-based RNA-seq of hot pepper for in-depth understanding of genes involved in CMV infection. Molecular and omics methods are expected to expedite the breeding process compared with conventional methods, which remain the mainstay of practical breeding programs for hexaploid chrysanthemum. Madhusudhana, R. in Breeding Sorghum for Diverse End Uses (eds Aruna, C. et al.) Youka. HortScience 53, 421426 (2018). For making people more active, in some countries, this drink is also used. 13 June, 2017. However, the primary limitations of this type of breeding are that mutations occur unpredictably throughout the genome, and often, only a single change is produced. Liu, R. et al. Wu, P. et al. An ultra-dense integrated linkage map for hexaploid chrysanthemum enables multi-allelic QTL analysis. Control of this disease is currently achieved with chemical fungicides and soil fumigation, but these measures might negatively influence the environment and soil ecosystem. Photoperiodic variations induce shifts in the leaf metabolic profile of Chrysanthemum morifolium. Chrysanthemum has a long history of cultivation; it was first cultivated in China as a herb in approximately the 15th century BC and was then successively introduced to Japan, Europe, and the United States2. Thats not to say that chrysanthemum will help you completely undo a night of heavy drinking, but it can help ease some of the negative after-effects. RNA-Seq derived identification of differential transcription in the chrysanthemum leaf following inoculation with Alternaria tenuissima. Genet. Yang, Y. et al. 8, 530 (2017). For example, members of the Anna chrysanthemum series were produced from natural mutations. Abstract The effects of different monoculture years on rhizosphere fungal communities (abundance, diversity, structure, and cooccurrence network) of cut chrysanthemum were determined. Biotechnol. Based on the linkage map, several QTLs controlling flower color, flowering time, ray floret number, and disc floret degreening were identified through multiallelic QTL analyses. Biol. Gupta, R. C., Bala, S., Sharma, S. & Kapoor, M. Cytomorphological studies in some species of Chrysanthemum L. (Asteraceae). You can make chrysanthemum tea at home, or buy it in supermarkets and health food stores. 13, 302310 (2018). Notoriously unable to follow a recipe (usually preferring to freestyle it), Kaitlin's the family artist, knitter, master of all things chili oil/condiments, and trailblazer of creative recipes with familiar flavors. Recently, the continual refinement of mRNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and de novo sequencing and assembly technology has allowed an increasing number of laboratories to characterize the transcriptomes of nonmodel species with large genomes. 1). Opin. Plant Sci. Moreover, several flowering-time-related genes, such as TFL55,56, FTL57, CPD and GA2058, MET159, and their homologs, have been isolated from chrysanthemum. The novel coronavirus is still novel, but drinking chrysanthemum tea is fairly safe and there is a chance that it can help a bit. Large-scale sequence-based markers, such as SNPs and InDels, and precise phenotypic data could be easily obtained through multiomic technologies and provide a crucial basis for the application of GWAS and QTL-mapping analysis to locate genes of interest and linkage markers associated with the target traits.
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