In June, the much awaited French help arrived at Leith to besiege and ultimately take Haddington. 04 July 2022 | The story of the three husbands of Mary Queen of Scots: Francis II of France, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley and James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell. A Huguenot uprising in France, the Tumult of Amboise, made it impossible for the French to send further support. Mary returned to Edinburgh the following month to raise more troops. Now, they were angry that Bothwell would be all-powerful and they decided to wage war against him. As John Guy writes in Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart (which serves as the source text for Rourkes film), Mary is alternately envisioned as the innocent victim of mens political machinations and a fatally flawed femme fatale who ruled from the heart and not the head. Kristen Post Walton, a professor at Salisbury University and the author of Catholic Queen, Protestant Patriarchy: Mary, Queen of Scots, and the Politics of Gender and Religion, argues that dramatizations of Marys life tend to downplay her agency and treat her life like a soap opera. Meanwhile, Elizabeth is often viewed through a romanticized lens that draws on hindsight to discount the displeasure many of her subjects felt toward their queen, particularly during the later stages of her reign. He was imprisoned in Denmark, became insane and died in 1578. [207] From these letters it was clear that Mary had sanctioned the attempted assassination of Elizabeth. In February 1567, Darnley's residence was destroyed by an explosion, and he was found murdered in the garden. Just 6 days . [166] Guy points out that the letters are disjointed and that the French language and grammar employed in the sonnets are too poor for a writer with Mary's education[167] but certain phrases in the letters, including verses in the style of Ronsard, and some characteristics of style are compatible with known writings by Mary. Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley (1546 - 10 February 1567), was an English nobleman who was the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and the father of James VI of Scotland and I of England. After Francis death, she married Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, was generally believed to have orchestrated Darnley's death, but he was acquitted of the charge in April 1567, and the following month, he married Mary. December 14 2018 5:26 PM EST. Mary's numbers were boosted by the release and restoration to favour of Lord Huntly's son and the return of James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, from exile in France. The denouement of Mary and Elizabeths decades-long power struggle is easily recalled by even the most casual of observers: On February 8, 1587, the deposed Scottish queen knelt at an execution block, uttered a string of final prayers, and stretched out her arms to assent to the fall of the headsmans axe. But Mary had more agency than history gives her credit for: beneath the soft exterior lay a steely determination to rule, as was her God-given right. [121] On the night of 910 February 1567, Mary visited her husband in the early evening and then attended the wedding celebrations of a member of her household, Bastian Pagez. At the height of her power, she juggled proposals from foreign rulers and subjects alike, always prevaricating rather than revealing the true nature of her intentions. Mary was born on 8 December 1542 at Linlithgow Palace, Scotland, to King James V and his French second wife, Mary of Guise. Not only were the two absolute rulers in a patriarchal society, but they were also women whose lives, while seemingly inextricable, amounted to more than their either their relationships with men or their rivalry with each other. 3 Chastelard was tried for treason and beheaded. 5. As a Protestant, she faced threats from Englands Catholic faction, which favored a rival claim to the thronethat of Mary, the Catholic Queen of Scotsover hers. The council was dominated by the Protestant leaders from the reformation crisis of 15591560: the Earls of Argyll, Glencairn, and Moray. [92] Mary's insistence on the marriage seems to have stemmed from passion rather than calculation; the English ambassador Nicholas Throckmorton stated "the saying is that surely she [Queen Mary] is bewitched",[93] adding that the marriage could only be averted "by violence". [39] Mary's maternal grandmother, Antoinette de Bourbon, was another strong influence on her childhood[40] and acted as one of her principal advisors. Perceiving Mary as a threat, Elizabeth had her confined in various castles and manor houses in the interior of England. Under the Third Succession Act, passed in 1543 by the Parliament of England, Elizabeth was recognised as her sister's heir, and Henry VIII's last will and testament had excluded the Stuarts from succeeding to the English throne. She joined with Moray in the destruction of Scotland's leading Catholic magnate, Lord Huntly, in 1562, after he led a rebellion against her in the Highlands. Meilan Solly Mary was 5 when she first met the four-year-old Dauphin, her betrothed husband. Josie Rourkes film sees Saoirse Ronan and Margot Robbie transform from allies into rivals, but in actuality, the queens relationship was far more complex. The versions of Mary and Elizabeth created by Saoirse Ronan and Margot Robbie may reinforce some of the popular misconceptions surrounding the twin queensincluding the oversimplified notion that they either hated or loved each other, and followed a direct path from friendship to arch rivalrybut they promise to present a thoroughly contemporary twist on an all-too-familiar tale of women bombarded by men who believe they know better. Kristen Post Walton outlines a middle ground between these extremes, noting that Marys Catholic faith and gender worked against her throughout her reign. George Lasry, Norbert Biermann, Satoshi Tomokiyo, Two of the commissioners were Catholics (, Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland, abdicate in favour of her one-year-old son James, Cultural depictions of Mary, Queen of Scots, "National Records of Scotland; Hall of Fame A-Z - Mary Queen of Scots", "Elizabeth and Mary, Royal Cousins, Rival Queens: Curators' Picks". (Francis younger brother, Charles IX, became king of France at just 10 years old with his mother, Catherine de Medici, acting as regent. This fear-driven logic even extended to the queens potential offspring: As she once told Marys advisor William Maitland, Princes cannot like their own children. Mary was misled into thinking her letters were secure, while in reality they were deciphered and read by Walsingham. Although she was famously dubbed the Virgin Queen, Elizabeth only embraced this chaste persona during the later years of her reign. Privacy Statement Get the latest History stories in your inbox? He died a prisoner at DragsholmCastle in Denmark in 1578. June; Mary of Guise passes away in Scotland December; Mary's husband, Francis, Mary's husband, passes away 1561 Mary returns to Scotland 1562 Northern campaign and visit to Inverness; aged 19 1563 Mary visits Inveraray,Dunure Castle, Dumfries, and Peebles; aged 20 1564 Mary hunts near Blair Atholl, Tayside; aged 21 Darnley was murdered a few months after they were married, and Mary later married James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell. Elizabeth had succeeded in maintaining a Protestant government in Scotland, without either condemning or releasing her fellow sovereign. Following an uprising against the couple, Mary was imprisoned in Lochleven Castle. Coronation of Mary, Queen of Scots in Stirling Castle . [210][211] Spirited in her defence, Mary denied the charges. Abduction: 24 April 1567 Rejoice don't weep These words of comfort were spoken by Mary to one of her servants as she faced execution. Mary, Queen of Scots, was barely one week old when she succeeded to the throne in 1542. [123] There were no visible marks of strangulation or violence on the body. [190] Her health declined, perhaps through porphyria or lack of exercise. But in June of 1560, Marys mother died in Scotland at the age of 45. On 24 April 1567, Bothwell, with a force of 800 men, kidnapped Mary whilst she was riding between Linlithgow and Edinburgh. Only four of the councillors were Catholic: the Earls of Atholl, Erroll, Montrose, and Huntly, who was Lord Chancellor. [14] Arran, with the support of his friends and relations, became the regent until 1554 when Mary's mother managed to remove and succeed him. Francis and Mary knew each since before they married Mary grew up in the French royal court after her father, King James V of Scotland died when she was only 5 days old. Rizzio was dragged from the room and killed. For the list of documents see, for example. "[213] She protested that she had been denied the opportunity to review the evidence, that her papers had been removed from her, that she was denied access to legal counsel and that as a foreign anointed queen she had never been an English subject and thus could not be convicted of treason. In the eyes of the Catholic Church, Elizabeth was the illegitimate product of an unlawful marriage, while Mary, the paternal granddaughter of Henry VIIIs older sister Margaret, was the rightful English heir. Its unsurprising that the tale of these two queens resonates with audiences some 400 years after the main players lived. In February of 1567 they had Darnleys house, Kirk o Field, blown up; Darnleys strangled body was found in the garden. [212] She told her triers, "Look to your consciences and remember that the theatre of the whole world is wider than the kingdom of England. On 1 July 1543, when Mary was six months old, the Treaty of Greenwich was signed, which promised that, at the age of ten, Mary would marry Edward and move to England, where Henry could oversee her upbringing. English forces mounted a series of raids on Scottish and French territory. [138] Between 20 and 23 July, Mary miscarried twins. Bothwell fled to Denmark, where he died in captivity 11 years later. Over 50 dagger wounds were counted on his body. On 15 May, at either Holyrood Palace or Holyrood Abbey, they were married according to Protestant rites. This legendary statement came true much later not through Mary, but through her great-great-granddaughter Anne, Queen of Great Britain. Today, assessments of Mary Stuart range from historian Jenny Wormalds biting characterization of the queen as a study in failure to John Guys more sympathetic reading, which deems Mary the unluckiest ruler in British history, a glittering and charismatic queen who faced stacked odds from the beginning. Mary, byname Mary, Queen of Scots, original name Mary Stuart or Mary Stewart, (born December 8, 1542, Linlithgow Palace, West Lothian, Scotlanddied February 8, 1587, Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, England), queen of Scotland (1542-67) and queen consort of France (1559-60). [120] Mary visited him daily, so that it appeared a reconciliation was in progress. [197] Plots centred on Mary continued. [38] Her future sister-in-law, Elisabeth of Valois, became a close friend of whom Mary "retained nostalgic memories in later life". With the Scottish nobles divided over the union, a stand-off between the two sides took place at Carberry Hill on 15 June 1567, from which Bothwell fled, never to see his wife again. She was thought to be dying. Some historians argue that they were forgeries concocted in order to discredit Queen Mary and ensure that Queen . In France, Mary . [156] Mary denied writing them and insisted they were forgeries,[157] arguing that her handwriting was not difficult to imitate. Mary I, also called Mary Tudor, byname Bloody Mary, (born February 18, 1516, Greenwich, near London, Englanddied November 17, 1558, London), the first queen to rule England (1553-58) in her own right. Meanwhile Mary. [163], Mary's biographers, such as Antonia Fraser, Alison Weir, and John Guy, have come to the conclusion that either the documents were complete forgeries,[164] or incriminating passages were inserted into genuine letters,[165] or the letters were written to Bothwell by a different person or written by Mary to a different person. [231] Items supposedly worn or carried by Mary at her execution are of doubtful provenance;[232] contemporary accounts state that all her clothing, the block, and everything touched by her blood was burnt in the fireplace of the Great Hall to obstruct relic hunters. Sketch of Mary, queen of Scots, age 12 or 13, by Clouet. Three months after Darnleys death, Mary wed the man whod been accused ofand acquitted of in a legally suspect trialhis murder. [193] Early the following year, Moray was assassinated. Mary was taken to Lochleven Castle and held prisoner in that island fortress; fearing for her own life, she became desperately ill. She was forced to sign a document abdicating the crown in favor of her year-old son. The first blow missed her neck and struck the back of her head. [61] Her mother-in-law, Catherine de' Medici, became regent for the late king's ten-year-old brother Charles IX, who inherited the French throne. Why Mary wed Darnley remains a mystery. Mary Queen of Scots was executed by beheading at the age of 44 on the orders of her cousin, Elizabeth I of England. But it is unlikely that, had he been successful, Darnley would have long survived his wife. [188] She was occasionally allowed outside under strict supervision,[189] spent seven summers at the spa town of Buxton, and spent much of her time doing embroidery. [221] She spent the last hours of her life in prayer, distributing her belongings to her household, and writing her will and a letter to the King of France. Historian Jenny Wormald believes this reluctance on the part of the Scots to produce the letters and their destruction in 1584, whatever their content, constitute proof that they contained real evidence against Mary. For myself, I beg you to believe that I would not harbour such a thought. 8 Dec 1542. Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart[3] or Mary I of Scotland,[4] was Queen of Scotland from 14 December 1542 until her forced abdication in 1567. 9 Sep 1543. Your Privacy Rights Aged 22, Mary described her 19-year-old groom as the lustiest and best proportioned long man that she had seen.. She fled to England and begged in letters for her cousin Elizabeth's support and help regaining her throne. When Moray rushed into the room after hearing her cries for help, she shouted, "Thrust your dagger into the villain!" At that moment, the auburn tresses in his hand turned out to be a wig and the head fell to the ground, revealing that Mary had very short, grey hair. [46] Twenty days later, she married the Dauphin at Notre Dame de Paris, and he became king consort of Scotland. They were Mary Fleming, Mary Seton, Mary Beaton and Mary Livingstone. Her recovery from 25 October onwards was credited to the skill of her French physicians. By the 1580s, she had severe rheumatism in her limbs, rendering her lame. When Mary left for Scotland, she travelled with the children of Scotland's nobility, including the 'Four Maries,' the women who would stay with her throughout her later imprisonment and execution. She was concerned that the killing of a queen set a discreditable precedent and was fearful of the consequences, especially if, in retaliation, Mary's son, James, formed an alliance with the Catholic powers and invaded England. A queer historian assesses the historical accuracy of the gay stuff in the Mary Queen of Scots movie. Potential diagnoses include physical exhaustion and mental stress,[112] haemorrhage of a gastric ulcer,[113] and porphyria. Such accusations rest on assumptions,[249] and Buchanan's biography is today discredited as "almost complete fantasy". [52], When Henry II died on 10 July 1559, from injuries sustained in a joust, fifteen-year-old Francis and sixteen-year-old Mary became king and queen of France. 24 Apr 1558. [203] In April, Mary was placed in the stricter custody of Sir Amias Paulet. Mary had one ally leftor so she thought. Mary, Queen of Scots is born, daughter of James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise . [34] Janet, Lady Fleming, who was Mary Fleming's mother and James V's half-sister, was appointed governess. She was also a claimant (someone who has a legal claim to be the lawful ruler) to the throne of England. She reacted with fury and fear. In 1561, Mary, Queen of Scots, upset the applecart of the Protestant Reformation. In 1561, Mary returned to Scotland, attempting to reassert her power there. It was reached by two or three steps, and furnished with the block, a cushion for her to kneel on, and three stools for her and the earls of Shrewsbury and Kent, who were there to witness the execution. Both queens were surprisingly fluid in their religious inclinations. Marys third and final marriage began and ended with controversy. Francis was the eldest son of Henry II and Catherine de Medici, making him heir to the French throne at the time of their marriage. [227] She was blindfolded by Kennedy with a white veil embroidered in gold, knelt down on the cushion in front of the block on which she positioned her head, and stretched out her arms. [64], As a devout Catholic, she was regarded with suspicion by many of her subjects, as well as by the Queen of England. Mary, Queen of Scots marries Prince Francis, the future King Francis II France. This decision proved to be disastrous, since Mary was soon a prisoner of the queen and would spend the next nineteen years as Elizabeths prisoner, before she was executed for plotting against the queen on 8 February 1587 at Fotheringay Castle. [162] Other documents scrutinised included Bothwell's divorce from Jean Gordon. [55], In Scotland, the power of the Protestant Lords of the Congregation was rising at the expense of Mary's mother, who maintained effective control only through the use of French troops. "[117] Darnley feared for his safety, and after the baptism of his son at Stirling and shortly before Christmas, he went to Glasgow to stay on his father's estates.
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