Perhaps the TVA could be prevailed LYHW- beginning the longer second word in both cases. but merely that this is a common component of Hebrew A Reply to Mainfort and Kwas in, http://druidry.org/obod/lore/coelbren/coelbren.html, http://www.ampetrographic.com/files/BatCreekStone.pdf. Unlocking the Mystery of the Two Prophets, For Our Day: Divinely Sanctioned Governments. Stones bearing inscriptions in Hebrew or other Old World characters have at last been banished from the list of prehistoric relics. This would reconcile their reading of the inscription with abilities per se. [2] This excavation was part of a larger series of excavations that aimed to clarify the controversy regarding who is responsible for building the various mounds found in the Eastern United States. Thomas, Cyrus, "Mound Explorations," in Twelfth Annual Report Many fraudulent antiquities appeared (Williams 1990), adding fuel to these already heated controversies; among the more well-known examples are the Davenport tablets and elephant pipes (McCussick 1970), the Kennsington runestone (Blegen 1968; Wahlgren 1958), the Calaveras skull (Dexter 1986), and the Holly Oak pendant (Griffin et al_. Mertz (1964) herself had first proposed 169-413. and 1989 reprint edition; illustration not in 1867 edition). Reprinted in Ancient American Vol. I own no rights to this excerpt.Murray's Original Bat Creek Video:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWT0x232euwShepherd's Chapel:http://www.shepherdschapel.com/Music:www.audionautix.comSound FX:www.freesfx.co.uk/Horse Image:www.copyright-free-photos.org.uk In McCulloch (1988) I note that Mooney, James In his Archaeological History of Ohio, Gerald Fowke (1902:458-459) cited the Bat Creek stone in the context of criticizing Cyrus Thomas for claiming a relatively recent age for various mounds, and Stephen Peet (1891:146) briefly mentioned the object. The inscribed stone was found in an undisturbed Hopewell burial mound along the Little Tennessee River near the mouth of Bat Creek. 1-33. University of Pennsylvania Press. The Bat Creek mounds (40LD24) were located near the confluence of Bat Creek and the Little Tennessee River in Loudon County, Tennessee. There is a vague resemblance to the Cherokee "se", as noted by McCulloch (1988:87). First, the inscription is not a legitimate Paleo-Hebrew inscription, despite the resemblances of several signs to Paleo-Hebrew characters. the Macoy illustration, begins with the Masonic The Bat Creek Stone was found in the third mound under a skull along with two copper bracelets (later determined to be brass) and polished wood (possibly earspools). In the published literature, there is no indication that any Cherokee scholar has ever agreed with Cyrus Thomas's interpretation of the Bat Creek stone, nor have we encountered any references to the stone in the Cherokee linguistic or ethnographic literature (e.g., Mooney 1892, as well as examples noted below). Murray was the first to completly make sense (properly translate) of all inscriptions on this stone (with simplicity in its simple form). Note that we do not contend that these signs are Cherokee - only that there are some formal similarities (McKussick [1979] incorrectly asserts that the signs actually are a form of Cherokee). uses a word divider. 133, pp. Blegen, Theodore C. Please feel free to contact us with any questions or comments you have about our organization. In the 1894 Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology, the inscription was first officially mentioned along with other artifacts recovered from the Bat Creek Mound excavations. The artifacts, including bronze or brass bracelets that Dr. Wolter . Thomas's original Cherokee interpretation, Crown Publishers, Inc., New York. The two vertical strokes above Since neither of the authors have training in ancient Near Eastern languages, we requested an assessment of the Bat Creek inscription from Frank Moore Cross, Hancock Professor of Hebrew and Other Oriental Languages at Harvard University. Smithsonian Institution, Bureauof American Ethnology, Bulletin No. While McCulloch seems to imply that professional archaeologists would be horrified by such a prospect, the anomalous nature of some of Emmert's reported findings has long been recognized. Introduction A.D. Investigators concluded that the mound was a "platform" mound typical of the Mississippian period. [7] Part of this history remains embedded in the advanced architecture of the Adena and Hopewell people. While it is possible that the wood fragments represent the remains of an object placed with the deceased individual, they might also have derived from the "dark soil" (possibly a midden deposit) at the base of the mound on which the 9 skeletons were located (Thomas 1894). It is wise therefore to refrain from basing theories on one or two specimens of an unusual or abnormal type, unless their claim to a place among genuine prehistoric relics can be established beyond dispute. The Bat Creek Stone was discovered in 1889, supposedly in a Native American burial mound. In fact, it seems all too likely that the Bat Creek stone may be only the single most notorious example of misrepresentation on the part of Emmert during his association with the Bureau of American Ethnology. Stieglitz, Robert R., "An Ancient Judean Inscription from Tennessee," 32 A.D. and 769 A.D.(McCulloch 1988). word as a qoph. See also comment by cases. 2. viii: Again we concur with the initial assessment by Gordon (Mahan 1971:43) that this sign is "not in the Canaanite system." 1984 Ghanaian and Coptic Brass Lamps. I am having the bone and the wood found in the tomb dated by the Smithsonian Institution by the carbon-14 process; fortunately, these items were present with the stone, for stone cannot be dated this way; the material has to be organic for carbon-14. Additionally, there are very few references to the stone in the professional archaeological literature. Pre-Mississippian artifacts dating to the Archaic and Woodland periods were also found. 3-548. The January/February 2006 Mahan, Joseph B. Jr. serving as a word divider, rather than by a 1993 and Jan./Feb. www.rense.com/general28/weks.htm, dated 8/28/02. Peet, Stephen D. [8] The Adena and Hopewell peoples constructed significant earthworks and mounds, a "widespread practice throughout the American southeast, Midwest, and northern plains". New York: Basic Books. of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Hodge (ed. 1976 America B.C. [7] To clarify the debate, entomologist Cyrus Thomas was "given the job of Director of the Division of Mound Exploration within the federal bureau of the study of Ethnology". Over the years (especially during the nineteenth century) numerous examples of such inscriptions have surfaced, virtually all of which are now recognized as fraudulent (cf. Bat Creek Mound #3, with the inscription 1907 Inscribed Tablets. ShLMYHW or Shelemiyahu. You decide. Crown Publishers, Inc., New York. for $6.00 from the Mazar, Eilat, "Did I Find King David's Palace?," Biblical Archaeology Macoy, Robert, General History, Cyclopedia and Dictionary of McCulloch, J. Huston, "The Bat Creek Stone Revisted: "The Bat Creek Fraud: A Final Statement". Washington. As we discuss below, the Bat Creek stone received scant attention from . Learn how and when to remove this template message, pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories, Pre-Columbian transatlantic contact theories, "The Bat Creek Stone Revisited: A Fraud Exposed", "Report of the Archaeopetrography Investigation", "The Bat Creek Inscription: Did Judean Refugees Escape to Tennessee? In Paleo-Hebrew, words are required to be [2] Additionally, the entire surface of the stone appears to be polished, which further contributes to the smooth, rounded edges of the markings. This arm in fact appears However this accord was broken in the 1970s when the Bat Creek Inscription was adopted by proponents of Pre-Columbian transatlantic contact theories. have, in addition to a loop on the right, an arm to the left McCulloch, J. Huston Lacking the critical standard of most scholars, rogue professors "have the opportunity to rogue or defraud the public" (Williams 1988a:20). University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Report of Investigations No. In Thomas' defense, however, it is worth noting that some of the signs (ii, iii, and vii in the orientation illustrated by Thomas [1890, 1894], and i, 11, iii, and vii in the purported Paleo-Hebrew orientation) exhibit moderate to close resemblances with characters of the Cherokee syllabary. There has been a systematic denigrating on the part of the 'intellectuals' in the Smithsonian Museum of evidence of pre-Columbian migration from the Old World to the western hemisphere. However, Wilson et al. In early 1889, Emmert resumed his excavations under Thomas' direction; by February 15 he had "found" the Bat Creek stone (Emmert to Thomas, 15 February 1889). 1971 Before Columbus: Links Between the Old World and Ancient America. "The Translation" (Bat Creek Stone), Dr. Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel, STONE OF DESTINY by E. Raymond Capt, Shepherd's Chapel Documentaries, "Great Conspiracy" by Pastor Arnold Murray, ShepherdsChapel.com, RED LINE by Pastor Dennis Murry, Shepherd's Chapel, Shepherd's Chapel: When Is The White Throne Judgement. have published a book In context, Gordon is saying here that mainsteam researchers who disagree with his contention that all "advanced" cultures are directly traceable to the Near East do so out of fear and peer pressure, rather than the fact that much of the evidence that he presents is of a very dubious nature (see also Chadwick 1969 and Lambert 1984). "The Cherokee Solution to the Bat Creek Enigma". Carter, George authoritative source for the Coelbren alphabet, and give no von Wuthenau, Alexander J. Huston MuCulloch, an Ohio State University economics professor . Since other signs are not claimed to be fourth century, the comparison is clearly illegitimate. 391-4. The fact that the Bat Creek stone is not cited in any of these works strongly hints that contemporary archaeologists and ethnologists did not regard the object as genuine (see, for example, Griffin et al_. Artifacts were associated with only one of the 9 extended interments. Yet he does not mention the author of the publication he was criticizing, undoubtedly because he himself was the author. The stone was located beneath the skeletal head of one of the nine skeletons in the undisturbed mound. Wahlgren, Erik [3] More specifically, Thomas focused on assessing the connection between the mound-builders and the Indigenous communities who lived in the area during European colonization. If reversed, the sign would represent a passable Cherokee "gun.". In: F.W. 5-18. He noted that the broken letter on the far left is consistent word having two letters and the Masonic word three. 40 miles south of Knoxville, in what is As to the specific signs on the Bat Creek stone, several are passable Cherokee, and the inspiration for the remainder could have been any number of published sources, including illustrations of the Grave Creek stone and the Davenport tablets. forms the dative case, indicating for, to, or belonging to 118. All images. According to Emmert's field notes, the Bat Creek Stone was found in Mound3. His excuse for this is that he says that science has got it wrong with their decipherment of Egyptian Hieroglyphs. 1968 Mound Builders of Ancient America: The Archaeology of a Myth. Thomas, Cyrus An alternative The Bat Creek Stone was recovered during a professional archaeological dig by John W. Emmert of the Smithsonian Institutions Bureau of Ethnology in 1889, during its Mound Survey Project. R is for "Ara" which is (Lion) QL is for "Qol" which is (voice) YH is for "Yah" which is (God) Anonymous A.M. Kelley, New York. [3] With a budget of $60,000 provided by the U.S. government and the dedication of twelve years of mound excavations, Thomas worked to give insight into who the mound-builders were. Archaeology Review July/August 1993, pp. Although the conclusions reached in this paper may not prove convincing to cult archaeology proponents, we hope that our comments will prove helpful to our colleagues in responding to the Bat Creek controversy and other claims made by cult archaeologists. It is safe therefore to base important conclusions only on monuments in reference to which there is no doubt, and on articles whose history, as regards the finding, is fully known, except where the type is well established from genuine antiquities. make a few comments about Cyrus Thomas' (1890:35) claim that "some of the characters, if not all, are letters of the Cherokee alphabet" and later (1894:393) that "the engraved characters are beyond question letters of the Cherokee alphabet" In the only published analysis of the Bat Creek inscription as Cherokee, McCulloch (1988) makes a reasonable case for his contention that several signs are impossible for Cherokee and that the inscription is not translateable as Cherokee. Jones 2004) that Coelbren itself To our knowledge no recent investigation has uncovered anything resembling the stone domed vaults or 'stone hives' which he describes" (1952:218-219). of their claim, there is no basis for either of these conclusions. More conclusive evidence regarding the stone's authenticity comes from two additional sources. While much of the original confluence of Bat Creek and the Little Tennessee was submerged by the lake, the mound in which the Bat Creek Stone was found was located above the reservoir's operating levels. Mainfort, Robert C., Jr. and Mary L. Kwas. nearby Bat Creek Mound #2 at the time of excavation, so it Washington. Biblical Archaeologist 42:137-140. The inscription was assumed to be Paleo-Cherokee, and was subsequently published by the Smithsonian in theirAnnual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1890-1891 on page 392. 1. 1988). instead. of the Norse settlement at L'anse Meadows (Ingstad 1964), no convincing evidence for such occurrences has ever been found or recognized by professional researchers. coinscript letters to transcribe Fowke did not make this statement out of ignorance of the Bat Creek stone's existence, because not only had he extensively studied the lithic material recovered by the mound survey (Fowke 1896), but also mentioned the stone in one of his own publications (1902). any competent student of antiquities. dictionary chart of Jewish War The Bat Creek Stone. iv: Of all the characters on the Bat Creek stone this sign bears the most striking resemblance to Paleo-Hebrew script ("yod") circa 100 B.C.-A.D. 100 (but not the second century of the Christian era). Ingstad, Helge [17], Lithograph of the Bat Creek inscription, as first published by Thomas (1890) (the original illustration has been inverted to the orientation proposed by Gordon for "Paleo-Hebrew".). [5] McCarter concluded, "It seems probable that we are dealing here not with a coincidental similarity but with a fraud". fact that during the Civil War, Emmert served in the Confederate Quartermaster Department, presumably as a result of his previous experience as a "store keeper" (John W. Emmert, Compiled Service Record, M268/346, National Archives). Also relevant here is the. [11] Mound 1 of the Bat Creek Site was excavated in 1975. the above photograph of the Bat Creek stone. around High Top, with a spur trail to the summit. 1991 Fantastic Archaeology: The Wild Side of North American Prehistory. The words are: R, QL, YH, VD. The Smithsonian's role in the Davenport controversy produced considerable hosti 1 ity from many antiquarians (see McKussick 1970) at a time when "professional" archaeology was still in its infancy. ", "Let's be Serious About the Bat Creek Stone", "White Settlers Buried the Truth About the Midwest's Mysterious Mound Cities", "Introduction: Settler Colonialism, History, and Theory", "Cyrus H. Gordon (1908-2001): A Giant among Scholars", "Additional digging uncovers source of Bat Creek hoax". [2] According to the American Petrographic Services' evaluation of the stone, the marks are characterized by smooth, "rounded grooves". Masonic Publishing Co., New York, 3rd ed., 1868, p. 134. [16] It has subsequently been loaned to the Museum of the Cherokee Indian in Cherokee, N.C., where it has been on display since 2015. 1946 The Indians of the Southeastern United States. Schroedl, Gerald F. 207-225. Bat Creek has an undeniable affinity to Paleo-Hebrew, and Brain, Jeffrey P. A further complication is that it is widely believed, Archeologist Kenneth Feder has commended Thomas's efforts, which "initiated the most extensive and intensive study" "conducted on the Moundbuilder question". [12] Neither the University of Tennessee's excavation of the Bat Creek Site nor any other excavations in the Little Tennessee Valley uncovered any evidence that would indicate Pre-Columbian contact with Old World civilizations.[13]. Accessed 12/29/05. Mounds and ancient works are described and figured which do not and never did exist; and articles are represented which are modern reproductions" (Thomas 1898:24-25). [8], However, "Despite the preponderance of archaeological evidence that these mound complexes were the work of sophisticated Native American civilizations," this fact has been "obscured by the Myth of the Mound Builders". by JHM TA Spring 1993, pp. A134902-0 in the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. grape vines, planted on the rebuilt mound, [7] The forced removal of Native peoples from their land and the severing of Native people from their heritage was partially enacted by "destroying indigenous pyramid mounds" and "The creation of the Myth of the Mounds". In the late 1960s and 1970s, the Tellico Archaeological Project, conducted by the University of Tennessee Department of Anthropology investigated over two dozen sites and uncovered evidence of substantial habitation in the valley during the Archaic (80001000 BC), Woodland (1000 BC 1000 AD), Mississippian (900-1600 AD), and Cherokee (c. 16001838) periods. would make an appropriate memorial for the find, Both inscriptions do contain two words, with the identical string presumably mem, that is completely absent from Macoy's Refugees Escape to Tennessee? Stone, Lyle M. An inscribed stone reportedly excavated by the Smithsonian Institution from a burial mound in eastern Tennessee has been heralded by cult archaeologists as incontrovertible evidence of pre-Columbian Old World contracts. Welsh Discover America," unsigned online press release at The shorter first words of the Bat Creek and Masonic [1] The two bracelets found in the Mound were initially identified by both Emmert and Thomas as "copper", but a 1970 Smithsonian analysis concluded the bracelets were in fact heavily leaded yellow brass. Institution, 1890-91 (Washington, GPO, 1894), pp. Mainfort and Kwas does show that The specimens from Bat Creek (Figure 2), however, exhibit a seam and a hollow core indicating that they were wrought, rather than cut from brass wire. It is for this reason that we consider it important to bring the Bat Creek controversy to the attention of professional archaeologists; many of us are likely to be questioned by journalists and the general public about this issue in the future. Webb, W.S. As we discuss below, the Bat Creek stone received scant attention from Thomas's contemporaries and languished in relative obscurity (but see Mertz 1964) until 1970 when it was "rediscovered" by Cyrus Gordon, a well-published professor of Mediterranean Studies at Brandeis University and a leading proponent of cult archaeology. Another of diagonal word divider used on the Bat Creek inscription of the 19th century setting, as well as shade for picnickers. The inscribed signs generally penetrate through the patina, revealing the lighter interior matrix of the stone, but two signs (signs vi and vii on the left side of the stone as illustrated here) are noticeably shallower, as are portions of several others.
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