Priorities in scientific discovery: A chapter in the sociology of science. Open access scientometrics and the UK Research Assessment Exercise. An average for the full 10-year period is also given in All Years. The linear plot is of benefit because it allows ready interpretation and reference back to the original data values. In-text function of author self-citations: Implications for research evaluation practice. For the scope of this paper, we used papers categorized as Article or Review in our WOS search to ensure that we were focusing on original works and evidence-based literature. 5a, b). 3) HPoP also provides an age-weighted citation rate (AWCR) that measures the average number of citations to an entire body of work, adjusted for the number of years since the academic's first paper was published. The 10-year averages are calculated from citations from articles published during the same 10-year period. 2018); about 13% as a median, using co-author self-citation (Ioannidis et al. Baselines and subject schemas create Linear plots by Essential Science Indicators field of the pattern of self-referencing to earlier papers by Highly Cited Researchers identified by analysing Web of Science data for 20082018 and to (self-citing from later publications) highly cited papers on which a researcher is also an author or co-author. The average for the ESI Mathematics is, in fact, a high outlier itself, for both self-referencing and even more for self-citing. Chorus, C. & Waltman, L. (2016). The influence of international collaboration on the impact of research results: Some simple mathematical considerations concerning the role of self-citations. The following sample from a Percentiles The term percentile designates a citation threshold at or above that at which a fixed fraction of the papers fall. Google Scholar. Ioannidis et al. Clarivate Analytics Essential Science Indicators (ESI) is another resource. Elsevier Scopus provides traditional citation counts, the Field Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) and benchmarking. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2016.02.007. Brooks, T. A. Calculating Field Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI). The Journal Impact Factor is the average number of citations received in the last year to articles published in the previous two years. Typically, the citation rate of papers published in the last three years Yu, T., Yu, G., Song, Y., & Wang, M. Y. Researchers are ranked by publication count within field and then a cut-off is applied at the threshold set by the square root calculation. Quantity of citations for Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 articles with median and range values across all fields. Space Science has an exceptional level of self-referencing, which is presumably also a consequence of the nature of research in that area. To aid in interpretation, therefore, we adopted a graphical approach and both linear and log plots and analyses of referencing and citing rates were examined. How frequently are articles in predatory open access journals cited. An exact calculation of Prices Law for the Law of Lotka. Data were analyzed with R software version 4.1.2 [10] using the packages (Rcmdr) [11] and (glm2) [12]. (2009). Young, J. S., & Brandes, P. M. (2020). This would mean that the article is being cited an average of 50% more times per year than expected for articles within its co-citation network published in the same year. Types of items Journals included Time periods for counts Average Citation Rates Thresholds Types of items counted Papers are defined as regular scientific articles, review articles, proceedings papers, and research notes. (2014). The Citation Report feature displays bar charts for the number of items published each year and the number of citations each year, plus counts for the average number of citations per item, the number of citations per year per publication, average number of citations per year per publication, and the H-index. How much is too much? Median rates of self-referencing were generally within a small range, from 7.38% in Economics & Business (ECB) to 11.26% in Social Sciences (SSS) with upper quartiles below 16%. The data set, which lists around 100,000 researchers, shows that at least 250 scientists have amassed more than 50% of their citations from themselves or their co-authors, while the median. A citation rate is the average number of citations received by a group of MacRoberts, M. H., & MacRoberts, B. R. (1989). In the United States, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act was signed into law on March 27, 2020 and allocates 940 million dollars to the National Institute of Health (NIH) to be used for funding Covid-19 research [16]. Data are plotted both as a linear and as a log-normal plot. Percentile values are baselines for evaluating research impact. An RCR of 1 is considered average, while an RCR greater than 1 is above average. Consequently, citation rates should not be interpreted as representing the central tendency of the distribution. While marked outliers are detectable, they are not present in all fields and they cannot be excluded by a single universal arbiter such as a percentile. The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. The other side of the coin: The intricacies of author self-citations. Other journal-level metrics include the Eigenfactor, and the SCImago Journal Rank. useful reference points for comparison and they are the basis of normalization to overcome subject bias. Research Policy,48(2), 478491. However, the use of non-article-level metrics to determine the impact of a single article is statistically invalid. Individual, country, and journal self-citation in soil science. Eventually, strict regulations and vaccine rollouts were implemented with enough success to begin to slow case growth [4]. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SCIE.0000027310.68393.bc. Scientometrics. Journal of the American Society for Information Science,37(1), 3436. Waltman, L. (2016). (2016). arXiv preprint arXiv:1208.4566. Rather than setting a percentage of author self-citation above which an individual would be eliminated from consideration, we examined the distributions of author self-citation rates (and author self-referencing rates) for each of the 21 fields to determine true outliers. 2), Log plots by Essential Science Indicators field of the pattern of self-citation to highly cited papers authored by Highly Cited Researchers identified by analysing Web of Science data for 20082018 and to (self-citing from later publications) highly cited papers on which a researcher is also an author or co-author. Examples: For Articles in the field . Institute for Scientific Information, Clarivate Analytics, 160 Blackfriars Road, London, SE1 8EZ, UK, Martin Szomszor,David A. Pendlebury&Jonathan Adams, The Policy Institute, Kings College London, 22 Kingsway, London, WC2B 6LE, UK, You can also search for this author in https://doi.org/10.2307/2089193. In some instances, citation analysis may not provide the entire story of the impact of a research project. papers that meet the criteria for inclusion in Essential Science Indicators. Note, however, that the expected rate of author self-citation for this group is likely to be lower than for researchers in general owing to the high levels of citation (Highly Cited Researchers are at the end of the distribution driven by the laws of cumulative advantage: Price 1976; van Raan 2008). PLoS Biology, 17(8), article number e3000384. The report does not reveal how many citations are from any single year between 2008 and the present. 2006; Hendrix 2009; Costas et al. [56] Also it is found that scholars engage in ethically questionable behavior in order to inflate the number of citations articles receive.[57]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-011-0523-6. That figure is close to the findings of many other researchers in the following five decades. If a top three journal did not meet this baseline, the next highest journal by impact factor from that field was included. There are thus two comparator metrics of self-citation activity (inward and outward citations from highly cited papers) for each author cluster. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4571(2000)9999:9999%3c:AID-ASI1542%3e3.0.CO;2-T. Wilhite, A. W., & Fong, E. A. Engqvist, L., & Frommen, J. G. (2010). Gianoli, E., & Molina-Montenegro, M. A. 2019; Biagioli et al. impact of a paper in the same research field published in that year. The graph below depicts the percentile rank of Frontiers journals (blue dots) in their respective JCR category. (2004b). Garfield, E. (1979). Part of Springer Nature. Citation frequency is highly skewed with many infrequently cited papers and relatively few highly cited papers. affiliations represented by the authors of the citing works (academia, industry, government, etc. Identifying community-wide influence is a central, though not sole, focus of the work that led to this paper, as will be described below. Part I: Articles and their characteristics", Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, "Relation between online "hit counts" and subsequent citations: Prospective study of research papers in the BMJ", "Can Tweets Predict Citations? We found that there a significant correlation between the values for individual researchers. Thus, more funding opportunities are available at the researcher level for research that focuses on Covid-19. See the Establishing Your Author Name tab. We compared this to the papers under Article that WOS captured over the same 3-month period for that journal. the current year (data is updated six times a year). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-012-0745-2. The levels we have selected for listing by field and year are 0.01%, 0.1%, 1.0%, 10%, 20%, and 50%. Frontiers journals improved their Journal Impact Factor ranking in 30 out of 39 categories in the 2021 Journal Citation Report. Wohlrabe and Birmaier [10] studied the citation . https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(198601)37:1%3c34:AID-ASI5%3e3.0.CO;2-0. Observation of the field profile is more informative than any average value and, for most fields, the central range lies below 10% self-citation. 2018; Zhao and Strotmann 2018; Ioannidis et al. Does co-authorship inflate the share of self-citations? broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Excessive and artificial forms of self-citation have been discussed and studied for: Individuals, especially in the context of the h index (Hirsch 2005; Schreiber 2007; Engqvist and Frommen 2008; Zhivotovsky and Krutovsky 2008; Gianoli and Molina-Montenegro 2009; Schreiber 2009; Engqvist and Frommen 2010; Minasny et al. Annalen der Physik,18(9), 607621. [53] Their analysis identifies universal impact metrics, such as the field-normalized h-index. 2. SCOPUS provides evidence of collaboration with other scientists and organizations, publication productivity, cited-by works, the h-index and also includes tools for creating citation graphs and Wordle maps. reported that on average, delayed OAJs had citation rates twice as high as TAJs, and 3 times as high as immediate OAJs [9]. This suggests that journal impact factor, which is a product of the number of citations that recently published articles receive, will likely be drastically influenced by the number of Covid-19 papers that a journal has included within its pages in the previous years. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Impact than biochemistry & molecular biology. Baselines are calculated using a whole counting method, this means that all papers in a subject area are counted towards the baseline calculation regardless of whether those papers are also in other subject areas or not. Merton, R. K. (1995). The rhetoric-first model. Their study found no penalty for self-citation but diminishing returns with respect to generating citations from others beyond a certain point. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-019-03139-3. 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