The principle of reason founds all principles as principles. We know more today than we have ever known, and we add to that store of information every day. This prompt speaks to the reasons or grounds that some actions should not be taken prior to reflection on their being undertaken presumably because the ends of those actions are not good ends. Opinion is the handing over of knowledge through language and what the thing is that is handed over. Unspecified object, no matter what. They were asked to choose one prompt from a given list and display an object of personal relevance or interest that connects to their prompt, along with an explanation of how this object shows TOK manifesting in the world around us. Without such reckoning up (algorithms, for example) our computers and hand phones would be quite useless because they could not have come into existence. The following are illustrative examples. Each of the prompts is discussed in turn below: This is a useful prompt in that one may be able to respond to it in the simplest of terms or one may proceed to the very abyss of what thinking is in ones response to it. It is a logical relation between two propositions that fails to hold only if the first is true and the second is false; or it can bea logical relationship between two propositions in which if the first is true, the second must also be true. 109 likes, 1 comments - Alexander Gray Associates (@alexandergrayassociates) on Instagram: "Valeska Soares created "Epilogue" in 2017, a variant on her iconic large . The same principle operates in Islams rejection of any images of Allah for to represent Him as an image or idea turns Him into a thing. The what, how and why of those changes in values and beliefs or what have become known as paradigm shifts in human being-in-the-world have brought about many consequences once they were established as our way of viewing and being-in-the-world. The products of Microsoft may indeed have once belonged to Bill Gates, but the knowledge that brought about those products he has taken possession of, and that knowledge and its truth is present to everyone. OT2: Knowledge and Technology. If a thing cannot be named, it cannot be given over to others. We doubt a claim when we are lacking certainty and reliability regarding those who are making the claim, the sources of the claim, or when the things about which the claim is being made are not sufficiently justified, that is sufficient reasons have not been supplied for the claim. Can you explain it? It may be even possible that our idea of consciousness is a placeholder term for something we dont understand, like a god was a term for processes that humans didnt understand like weather or stars. How is current knowledge shaped by its historical development? It is based upon the need to provide sufficient reasons (evidence) for the reality of the beings that are. Your email address will not be published. On most occasions we do not and this is due to our relation to the objects of the world that we have brought before us. Technology, understood as the principle of sufficient reason, is the guideline that governs all our relations to beings including our practical relations. This prompt is one that many students will opt for as it will not be too difficult to define the types of knowledge and their use through objects or images. 25. https://mytok.blog/2017/07/29/technology-as-a-way-of-knowing-computers/. The bias in the production of knowledge will be determined by the ends that have been chosen which will, in turn, determine the methods in which those ends will be achieved, usually unethical ones. Leibniz was also the inventor of what we call the insurance industry today. 1, AOK: Technology and the Human Sciences Part. The essence of human beings is reason. I have written extensively on imagination in the link below and suggest a reading of this writing as a possible prod to further you along in your Exhibition of this way of knowing the world. Judgements and statements are correct, that means true, only if the reason for the connection of subject and predicate is rendered, given back to the representing I. What role do experts play in influencing our consumption or acquisition of knowledge? This reasoning however is flawed, as it is possible to invent countless antigods, for whom the consequences are exactly opposite, cancelling out the infinities. Thus we resigned ourselves to the new situation the moment we could make dependable predictions. (LogOut/ If we read the prompt in the light of such expressions as being in the picture, putting oneself in the picture, getting the picture which imply a complete mastery of what the picture is a picture of we see that world-picture essentially means not a picture of the world, but the world conceived as picture from within a framing. You can download it for free! 3. Your first step is to ensure that you understand what principles and key concepts are involved in the prompt you have chosen. There are lots of things we dont know; personally Im a veritable cornucopia of ignorance. The belief of the first type is axiomaticin that it is based upon first principles or self-evident truths. Einstein, for example, has been quite clear that it was not reason only that brought about his theory of relativity but that imagination played a great part in its final coming-to-be. In the late 1930s, Tarski applied for several professorships in Poland but was turned down luckily, as it turned out. You will notice, though, that human beings do not cause the health: health itself is an outcome of nature. The language and engagement in the conversation that is dialecticis not the attempt to out-argue someone, but getting ones partner in the conversation to open their eyes and see; dialectic is possible between friends, not between rivals; dialectic is not political. Darwin and Nietzsche: Part 3: Truth as Correctness: Its Relation to Values. To what areas of knowledge do the images/objects you have chosen belong? Calling Him God or Father or whatever is not naming Him because what is lacking is knowledge by acquaintance and the terms used to describe Him are analogies or metaphors. The intention of this writing is to provoke thought on your part so that you are mindful of your choices and, hopefully, gain greater knowledge of who you are so that you will be able to make more aware judgements in the future about academic and ethical questions. If you should chose this prompt, the manner in which you establish the relations that you believe exist between the three objects you have chosen will require the need to provide evidence for that relation. [With Downloads!] Darwin/Nietzsche Part VII: On Aristotle, Algorithms and the Principle of Contradiction and the Overturning of the True and Apparent Worlds, Part IX: Darwin/Nietzsche: Otherness, Owingness, And Nihilism, AOK: Individuals and Societies or the Human Sciences: Part One, AOK: Technology and the Human Sciences Part. So it's little wonder that when people find a weird, mysterious object, they need to figure out what the heck it is. This can be done through perception and calculation. One may wish to take the journey down the path which discusses techne as that type of knowledge which is in another and for another and provide examples of various products of human endeavours that provide human beings with some good end or usefulness. This is what you are doing with the images and objects of your Exhibition. What counts as good evidence for a knowledge claim is demonstrated by the manner in which that claim is grounded i.e. This lack of self-knowledge elicits pity and fear from us: pity for the waste of the good that is the goodness of the tragic hero as a human being, and fear that such a lack of self-knowledge may be present in ourselves. It was the Greek fundamental experience of the being of beings which underlay, and gave rise to, both the subject-predicate form of their language (and, thus, our English language) and their conception of a thing as a subject (subjectum) with accidents (qualities, what we experience of the thing through sensory perception). Opinion is an attempt to reveal the truth of something covered over or hidden. The purpose for this writing on these prompts is to provoke thought regarding our understanding of what the key concepts contained in the prompts might mean. It is impossible to determine the state of the animal, unless the box is opened and the cat directly observed. On a shop which sells Antique Hand Bags near here is a sign which reads: The Shop is not Open because it is Closed. From Oedipus to Hamlet and King Lear to Willy Loman, tragic heroes meet their demise, their nemesis, their just desserts, due to their lack of knowledge of who they are and the actions they must take, or not take, because of who they are. In determining the importance of the various tools that you may be choosing for your Exhibition, you will be making what is called a first order claim. The handing over of knowledge is done through language and this language may be in the form of speech, numbers, or images/representations. This understanding is grounded in the principle of sufficient reason. in the highest sense not experimental. Reason renders an account of the truth of judgement. The choices made by parents and students indicate what we consider to be knowledge of value. 3. 2. In the examples that I frequently use from the Greeks, all of them are translations of that language. The demands of the principle of rendering sufficient reasons creates the lack of clarity and confusion in our actions, our ethics. For Christians, the name of God is holy, sacred, and He is not to be named because to do so would turn Him into a thing. It is extremely difficult to question the ethics of those possibilities and potentialities because the language from which we could question them arose within the same crucible of seeing or theory that made them possible in the first place i.e. We cannot count on them because they are not grounded and the principle of sufficient reason supplies the grounds. To conceive the self in terms of experiencing implies that it is either pieced together from intrinsically distinct, momentary experiences or as an underlying thread that persists unchanged throughout its experiences. If the inquiry of your Exhibition wishes to remain a first order inquiry, the age-old advice of follow the money is a good one whether it be about climate change deniers, the lack of ethics in the activities of the world banking system, etc. A good explanation, like good evidence, provides reasons for the answers to the questions whence, why and how. We are obliged to the things about us if we want them to work at their most efficient level. Historicism dominates all presentations of what has come to be called knowledge in the 21st century. Ignorance is bad because it inhibits human beings from their true Being which is to reveal truth. How one re-searches the historical developments within an area of knowledge will be determined byhermaneuticsand the de-constructionof language. how the questions of what, how and why are sufficiently answered and the thing about which the claim is being made is sufficiently brought to light and handed over to others. Read this prompt together with #19. https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/c7Mws_HMxtpdNUQ_ayHh3eiSaBaWO42tJktc4Bw517ci-zF7PnewPK9ripgkcMg_qrlQue-XerOEqQxZ9y6Rs3b0P_ZAkJ3efXKZdTqSchfujUT8TopWEDxdE2e77chWk6oFEdw”, http://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1845923_1774485,00.html. Belief {Gk. According to some theories, there exist levels of consciousness3 that we are able to measure. In the most general terms (and as a second order inquiry) the production of knowledge that results from such viewing is the determination of the being of things as objects. The unknowability of the black swan comes from our epistemic limitations, philosophical and empirical. Since such occurrences often go beyond the human's scope of understanding, their knowability is especially hard to determine. CT 1: Introduction to Theory of Knowledge: Knowledge and the Knower; 10. So, if you were an astronomer in 2 trillion years, there would be no way of knowing that there were billions of other galaxies in the universe and if anyone suggested it, youd laugh derisively and say show me the evidence; you have nothing.. His arguments appear to ignore the fact that it is the public who determines what their interests are and not an individual running for office. A reason is this sort of reason only if it is aratio,that is an account given about something that is in front of the person as a judging I and is given to this I. We believe we have knowledge when our representations in our minds correspond to the things that we are inquiring about. In hindsight, we might say that the research into the making of atomic weaponry should not have been undertaken given the outcomes of their capabilities. A set is a collection of objects for example, you could have the set of positive even numbers that contains 2, 4, 6, 8 or the set of prime numbers containing 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 so far so good. Basically vertasiums video about how we can't predict the future, the theory goes scientist first said that because of quantam mechanics if we know the position and etc of a particle we can predict with high accuracy where the particle will be in the future in spacetime. The metaphor of black swan is used to describe an event that comes as a surprise, has a major effect and is often inappropriately rationalized after the fact with the benefit of hindsight. Modern science is applied technology, not technology as applied science. It becomes something subjective. Faith is the only way to make the existence of a god knowable, but as there are no clear arguments to make one believe, there will always be people claiming they do not believe and therefore do not know. All dissemination of knowledge is, in one form or another, political since it deals with the community or the polis. Human being is not aware of itself by focusing on its experiences, but in what it does, uses, expects, avoids, in things it is concerned about in the world around it. In the global society of the future, these experts will be those who are able to put the discoveries of science to use i.e. Heisenbergs reasoning goes like this: How do I find out where a particle is? To manage the world as picture we need to think in terms of quantity and measurement, the calculable. It has been confirmed experimentally, that many quantum particles behave this way they have no exact state until observed, with each state having a certain probability, just like the cat. Are something unknowable Tok? it is after hours, the owner is away on holidays, the owner is observing a religious festival, etc. What is a world-view and how does it differ from a world-picture which can be associated with mindsets, systems, subjectivity and, thus, with the various understandings of what a culture is? The exhibition, understood as both a noun and a verb, aims to assess how you can apply TOK concepts to the real world by requiring that you bring to presence, bring out of hiding and to hold out, ex-hibit, evidence of your ability to discourse on the subject matter that you have been studying and questioning in the course. But this metaphor extends to events outside the financial market. Our common understanding of values is one hazily arrived at and derived from what Aristotle called The Ethics and, for Aristotle, these had to do with the actions of human beings in defining and achieving their ends, their desires and goals. what will be claimed and becomes knowledge. 16. When I learnt the theorem, it was suggested that the famous Fermats Last Theorem might be such a true thing that cant be proved true, but that was spoiled as an example when Andrew Wiles proved it true in 1995. Our cognition, our conscious awareness, is a type of representational thinking which, in the presentation or the experience, some thing we encounter comes to stand, to a standstill, is put in a position or place. It has the connotations of to live, or to live through. It could be an artwork such as a picture painted by a painter. Technically, the principle says that you cant know the position and momentum of a particle simultaneously. The uncertainty principle arose when studying sub-atomic particles and changed how we view the universe. Seeking truth for these communities of knowers is much like swimming inside the local lagoon here in Bali where the contours and shapes and the security of ones activities can be carried out without the need to go beyond the safety and security of the surrounding reef to the area where the dangers of the big surf lie and where the sharks await. Notice the relation to prompt #1 and prompt #3: usefulness is that knowledge which may be counted on and relied on and, thus, may be found in our mathematical physics, etc. A prime number is only divisible by itself or 1 and its a curious fact that, so far, every even number thats been tested is the sum of two of them for example: 8 = 5+3 or 82 = 51 + 31. The mystery of the principle of reason is what has come to define human beings as the animal rationale. how reality is conceived. When the reason for the connection of the representations has been directed back to the I, what is represented first comes to a stand such that it is securely established as an object for the representing subject. She does not have the power within herself to restore health itself, but she can establish the conditions where nature restores the health required for the patient i.e. 34. This leads to the great temptation of solipsism, particularly among the young. It determines the possibilities and the potentialities of the things as disposable in some fashion for human ends. These cabals of knowers have power within their respective communities, so much so that some proponents of these world-pictures have become placed as the new priesthood in the communities where these world pictures thrive. The mathematically provable idea that something exists but is unknowable has clear philosophical and theological implications. For knowledge of that subject, I have to turn to my daughters. To count is to reckon on or reckon up, to provide the sum of something, its total. Photo of market collapse in 2008 from the Times magazine. How many positive, even numbers are there? A good-looking and whimsical maid from Thrace laughed at him and told him that while he might passionately want to know all things in the universe, the things in front of his very nose and feet were unseen by him. Plato adds, This jest also fits all those who become involved in philosophy. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Design a site like this with WordPress.com. Grahams number is big enough to make most peoples brains start to steam; its really big; to put it into context, lets look at some, so-called, big numbers: Most people have heard of a googol for most purposes its a big number 10^100 which is 1 followed by 100 zeroes. First order claims are those that are made within particular areas of knowledge or by individual knowers about the world, or in this specific case, about the importance of tools in producing knowledge and acquiring knowledge in the various areas of knowledge. In looking at the prompt in its most general form, what counts as experience at a given period depends on a prior interpretation of the world that is not itself derived from or vulnerable to experience. While this prompt seems to suggest that the application of the knowledge brought forth from the technological world-view, which is the enjoining of the arts and the sciences, is somehow an individual event, there is an implication in the prompt that imagination does not, of itself, bring forth or produce knowledge about our being-in-the-world but plays a role along with other actors in bringing forth that knowledge. To regard moods or conscience as experiences ignores the way in which these moods disclose or how they open up for us our way of being in the world and our human being.
